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Wilson Woodrow Essay Research Paper Wilson WoodrowWoodrow

Wilson, Woodrow Essay, Research Paper


Wilson, Woodrow


Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of the United States (1913-21), secured a


legislative program of progressive domestic reform, guided his country


during WORLD WAR I, and sought a peace settlement based on high moral


principles, to be guaranteed by the LEAGUE OF NATIONS.


Early Life and Career


Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born in Staunton, Va., on Dec. 28, 1856. He was


profoundly influenced by a devoutly religious household headed by his


father, Joseph Ruggles Wilson, a Presbyterian minister, and his mother,


Janet Woodrow Wilson, the daughter of a minister. Woodrow (he dropped the


Thomas in 1879) attended (1873-74) Davidson College and in 1875 entered the


College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), graduating in 1879.


Wilson studied (1879-80) at the University of Virginia Law School, briefly


practiced law in Atlanta, and in 1883 entered The Johns Hopkins University


for graduate study in political science. His widely acclaimed book,


Congressional Government (1885), was published a year before he received


the doctoral degree. In 1885 he married Ellen Louise Axson; they had three


daughters.


Wilson taught at Bryn Mawr College (1885-88) and Wesleyan University


in Connecticut (1888-90) before he was called (1890) to Princeton as


professor of jurisprudence and political economy. A popular lecturer,


Wilson also wrote a score of articles and nine books, including Division


and Reunion (1893) and his five-volume History of the American People


(1902). In 1902 he was the unanimous choice of the trustees to become


Princeton’s president. His reforms included reorganization of the


departmental structure, revision of the curriculum, raising of academic


standards, tightening of student discipline, and the still-famous


preceptorial system of instruction. But Wilson’s quad plan–an attempt to


create colleges or quadrangles where students and faculty members would


live and study together–was defeated. Opposed by wealthy alumni and


trustees, he also lost his battle for control of the proposed graduate


college.


The Princeton controversies, seen nationally as a battle between


democracy and vested wealth, propelled Wilson into the political arena.


George Harvey, editor of Harper’s Weekly, with help from New Jersey’s


Democratic party bosses, persuaded Wilson to run for governor in 1910.


After scoring an easy victory, he cast off his machine sponsors and


launched a remarkable program of progressive legislation, including a


direct-primary law, antitrust laws, a corrupt-practices act, a workmen’s


compensation act, and measures establishing a public utility commission and


permitting cities to adopt the commission form of government.


Success in New Jersey made him a contender for the Democratic


presidential nomination. Although Wilson entered the 1912 Democratic


National Convention a poor second to Speaker of the House Champ Clark, his


strength increased as Clark’s faded, and he won the nomination after 46


ballots. Offering a program of reform that he called the New Freedom,


Wilson ran against a divided Republican party. In November, with only 42


percent of the popular vote, he won 435 electoral votes to 88 for


Progressive candidate Theodore Roosevelt and 8 for the Republican


candidate, President William Howard Taft.


Progressive as President


By presenting his program personally before the Democratically


controlled Congress, employing personal persuasion as well as patronage,


and appealing to the American public with his stirring rhetoric, Wilson won


passage of an impressive array of progressive measures. The Underwood


Tariff Act (1913), the first reduction in duties since the Civil War, also


established a modest income tax. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) provided


for currency and banking reform. Antitrust legislation followed in 1914,


when Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission Act and the CLAYTON


ANTI-TRUST ACT. In 1915, Wilson supported the La Follette Seamen’s bill,


designed to improve the working conditions of sailors. The following year


he signed the Federal Farm Loan Act, providing low-interest credit to


farmers; the Adamson Act, granting an 8-hour day to interstate railroad


workers; and the Child Labor Act, which limited children’s working hours.


In foreign policy, Wilson was faced with greater problems than any


president since Abraham Lincoln. He attempted to end U.S. dollar diplomacy


and promote the mediation of disputes. He rejected a loan to China on the


grounds that it impaired Chinese sovereignty, and he helped thwart Japanese


designs on the Chinese mainland. He approved Secretary of State William


Jennings BRYAN’s efforts to minimize the danger of war through a series of


“conciliation treaties” and joined him in an unsuccessful attempt to


negotiate a Pan-American pact guaranteeing the integrity of the Western


Hemisphere. In attempting to deal with revolutionary Mexico, Wilson first


sought to promote self-government by refusing to recognize the military


usurper Victoriano HUERTA and forcing him to allow free elections. When


Huerta resisted, Wilson tried to force him out by ordering (April 1914)


limited American intervention at Veracruz and by supporting


constitutionalist Venustiano CARRANZA. Mediation by Argentina, Brazil, and


Chile helped to prevent a general conflict and led to Huerta’s resignation


in July 1914.


A year later, Wilson recognized Carranza’s provisional government, and


in 1916 he intervened again after Carranza’s rival, guerrilla leader Pancho


VILLA, had raided a town in New Mexico, killing several Americans. In 1915


and 1916 he reluctantly sent troops to Haiti and Santo Domingo to establish


U.S. protectorates.


After the outbreak of the European war in August 1914, Wilson


struggled with considerable success to fulfill the obligations of


neutrality, to keep trade channels open, and to prevent any abridgement of


U.S. rights, all in the face of the British blockade of Germany and the


latter’s introduction of submarine warfare. He warned Germany in February


1915 that it would be held to “strict accountability” for the loss of


American lives in the sinking of neutral or passenger ships. After the


LUSITANIA was sunk in May 1915 (with the loss of 128 Americans), he


negotiated with such firmness that Secretary Bryan, fearing a declaration


of war, resigned in protest. In September 1915, Wilson won pledges from


Germany to provide for the safety of passengers caught in submarine


attacks, and in May 1916 the Germans agreed to abandon unrestricted


submarine warfare.


Running on his record of reform and with the slogan “He k

ept us out of


the war,” Wilson sought reelection in 1916 against Republican Charles Evans


Hughes. The president won a narrow victory, receiving 277 out of 531


electoral votes.


Wartime Leader


When Germany renewed all-out submarine warfare in 1917, Wilson severed


diplomatic relations. In April he asked Congress for a declaration of war,


asserting that “the world must be made safe for democracy.”


As war president, Wilson made a major contribution to the modern


presidency as he led Americans in a spectacular mobilization of the


nation’s resources. Establishing a series of war agencies, he extended


federal control over industry, transportation, labor, food, fuel, and


prices. In May 1917 he forced through Congress a Selective Service bill


under which 2.8 million men were drafted by war’s end. He sought and


received legislative delegation of increased powers, thus leaving for his


successors the precedents and tools to meet future crises.


Wilson the Peacemaker


From 1914, Wilson had sought ways to mediate the conflict. In 1915 and


1916 he sent his advisor and confidant, Col. Edward M. HOUSE, to Europe to


work toward a negotiated peace and postwar cooperation. In the spring of


1916, Wilson joined the call for a postwar association of nations; on Jan.


22, 1917, he called for a peace without victory and reaffirmed his support


for a league of nations.


With the United States in the war, Wilson hoped to have a stronger


influence on the peace settlement. On Jan. 8, 1918, he presented his


FOURTEEN POINTS, a comprehensive statement of war aims. It became at once a


war weapon and a peace program, inspiring the peoples of the Allied powers


while undermining the confidence of the Germans. Germany made its peace


overture in the hope of obtaining just treatment under Wilson’s proposals.


Wilson headed the American delegation to the PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE.


He erred seriously, however, by not developing bipartisan support for his


peace plans; he did not appoint a prominent Republican to the delegation,


and he called on voters to reelect a Democratic Congress in 1918 as a vote


of confidence. Most contests were decided on local issues, and when


Republicans captured both houses of Congress, his leadership seemed


repudiated.


Wilson was hailed as a hero upon his arrival in Europe. At the


conference (January-June 1919) Allied leaders Georges CLEMENCEAU, David


LLOYD GEORGE, and Vittorio ORLANDO favored a traditional settlement. Wilson


worked tirelessly for a peace along the lines of his Fourteen Points; only


his shrewd bargaining prevented even harsher terms from being imposed on


Germany. Wilson characterized the Versailles Treaty as the best obtainable


compromise and put his hopes in the League of Nations, an integral part of


the treaty, as the institution through which inequities could be later


rectified.


Senate Republicans, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, refused to approve the


peace treaty without significant modifications of the U.S. commitment to


the League. Wilson accepted some compromise but then turned to the people.


In a national speaking tour he eloquently defended the League and U.S.


membership as essential to lasting world peace. Long months of exhausting


labor had weakened the president, however, and he collapsed on Sept. 25,


1919, following a speech in Pueblo, Colo.


A week later Wilson suffered a stroke that left him partially


incapacitated for the remainder of his life. From his bed he continued to


oppose severe restrictions to the League. The Senate, meanwhile, rejected


the treaty in November 1919 and March 1920. Wilson urged that the 1920


presidential election be a referendum on the League. Republican Warren G.


Harding, who had established a reputation as an opponent of the League, won


in a landslide.


In December 1920, Wilson won the Nobel Peace Prize for 1919. The


former president and his second wife, Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, whom he


married in 1915, after the death of his first wife, continued to make their


home in Washington, D.C. Wilson died there on Feb. 3, 1924.


Bibliography:


Baker, Ray S., Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters, 8 vols. (1927-39; repr. 1968);


Bell, Herbert C. F., Woodrow Wilson and the People (1945);


Blum, John M., Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality (1956);


Bragdon, Henry W., Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years (1967);


Cooper, John M., The Warrior and the Priest (1983);


Ferrell, Robert H., Woodrow Wilson and World War I: Nineteen Seventeen to


Nineteen Twenty-one (1986);


Heckscher, August, Woodrow Wilson (1991);


Latham, Earl, ed., The Philosophy and Policies of Woodrow Wilson (1975);


Levin, N. Gordon, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (1968);


Link, Arthur S., Wilson, 5 vols. (1947-65), Woodrow Wilson: A Brief


Biography (1963), and Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World,


1913-1921 (1982);


Hirst, David W., et al., eds., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 55 vols. (1966-86);


Walworth, Arthur, Woodrow Wilson, 3d ed. (1978).


NAME: Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States (1913-21) Nickname:


“Schoolmaster in Politics” Born: Dec. 28, 1856, Staunton, Va. Education: College


of New Jersey (now Princeton University; graduated 1879) Profession: Teacher,


Public Official Religious affiliation: Presbyterian Marriage: June 24, 1885, to


Ellen Louise Axson (1860-1914); Dec. 18, 1915, to Edith Bolling Galt (1872-1961)


Children: Margaret Woodrow Wilson (1886-1944); Jessie Woodrow Wilson (1887-


1933); Eleanor Randolph Wilson (1889-1967) Political Affiliation: Democrat


Writings: George Washington (1896); A History of the American People (5 vols.,


1902); Constitutional Government in the United States (1908); Papers of Woodrow


Wilson (1966- ), ed. by Arthur S. Link, et al. Died: Feb. 3, 1924, Washington,


D.C. Buried: National Cathedral, Washington, D.C. Vice-President: Thomas R.


Marshall


Cabinet Members:^ Secretary of State: William J. Bryan (1913-15); Robert Lansing


(1915-20); Bainbridge Colby (1920-21) Secretary of the Treasury: William G.


McAdoo (1913-18); Carter Glass (1918-20); David F. Houston (1920-21) Secretary


of War: Lindley M. Garrison (1913-16); Newton D. Baker (1916-21) Attorney


General: James C. McReynolds (1913-14); Thomas W. Gregory (1914-19); Alexander M.


Palmer (1919-21) Postmaster General: Albert S. Burleson Secretary of the Navy:


Josephus Daniels Secretary of the Interior: Franklin K. Lane (1913-20); John B.


Payne (1920-21) Secretary of Agriculture: David F. Houston (1913-20); Edwin T.


Meredith (1920-21) Secretary of Commerce: William C. Redfield (1913-19); Joshua


W. Alexander (1919-21) Secretary of Labor: William B. Wilson


324

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