French Revolution-Death Of Marat (Painting Analysis, Representations Of The Past) Essay, Research Paper
History C.A.T. 1
The Death of Marat , is an idealistic portrait painted by Jacques-Louis David, depicting the assassination of one of the leaders of the French Revolution, Jean-Paul Marat. Marat was a prominent member of a group of people called the Jacobins, and founder of a controversial newspaper publication, L Ami du Peuple ( the Friend of the People ). Through the title of his paper, he became widely acknowledged as just that. Marat used his the Friend of the People publication frequently to call for popular violence against politicians. Marat was a part of a group of people called the Sans Culottes. The Sans Culottes supported Marat, and Marat had an influence over them. The main target of his calls were largely a group of people called the Girondins. The Jacobins blamed the Girondins for the defeats on the battlefield and the rising prices of food.
On the second of June the Sans-Culottes, supporters of the Jacobins, forced their way into the Convention and expelled the leading Girondins . Many of the expelled Girondins fled Paris, in fear of facing the recently invented guillotine. Many fled to their provinces. In doing so they triggered off revolts in the provinces which supported the Girondins. By the summer of 1793, sixty out of eighty-three departments had joined the rebellion against the government .
Faced with such immense problems, on April the 6th, the Convention set up an emergency group called the Committee of Public Safety. This was quite a contradiction of terms, as on September the 17th The Law of Suspects came into effect. The Law of Suspects started a period referred to as the Reign of Terror . During this period groups of citizens in every town were required to write up lists of people suspected of opposing the government. Citizens of whatever sex, age, or condition were ruthlessly executed purely for being suspected of opposing the government; public safety was in fact at an all time low. Marat was vocal in support of the executions, and this was what ultimately led to his demise. On July 13th 1793 Charlotte Corday, a woman with Girondin sympathies gained entry to Marat s apartment and murdered him.
Subsequently Jacques-Louis David was commissioned by the convention to paint a portrait of Marat. The function of David s painting was to ensure that the momentum of the revolution kept moving forward. If Marat was to be a symbol for maintaining the momentum of the revolution then David needed to portray him in the most appealing possible way, as friend of the People ; a martyr. Obviously then, David could not portray Marat as old and ill. David s aim was to indeed construct images of the secular saint . By depicting Marat in such a martyr like fashion David ensured that Marat s political ideologies would live on. With David s painting displaying such sympathies towards Marat he helped the Sans Culottes strengthen support which in turn ensured Marat’s and the Sans Cullotes ideals would therefore continue the momentum of the revolution moving forward. The assassination of Marat sent shockwaves through Paris. The fact that a Girondin had infiltrated Paris, and killed a leading revolutionary figure in his own home scared many leaders (in particular Robspierre) who now feared the same could easily happen to them. They needed to ensure Marat s death would raise sympathies with their parties and quash any future counter-revolutionary assassinations.
David had previously shown an aptitude for painting historical events. One of his most famous is that of The Oath the Horatii . In this painting David depicts precisely what the French Revolution came to represent. The painting depicts three brothers declaring that they would fight to their death as champions of their city against that of a rival city, for the common good of the people . The subject of The Oath of the Horatii is dedication and sacrifice .
This same theme was present in David s portrayal of Marat. David shows a Marat who sacrificed his life for the people of his country. In his hand Marat holds a letter. In the letter Corday pleads for assistance. This is an historical inaccuracy by David, showing the problems of representing the past, as this particular letter was never actually shown to Marat. It was only to be used by Corday to gain access to Marat if her first attempt to see him should fail . It is the distortion and manipulation of the facts such these that artists used to further a particular point of view or cause.
Lying beside Marat there also lies an assignat upon a wooden crate; the assignat reads You will give this assignat to that mother of five children whose husband died defending the fatherland This document near Marat s hand are the unanswerable documents of his saintliness . This document furthers David s attempts to portray Marat as a hero who was genuinely concerned with the plight of the people of France.
In Marat’s right hand is the pen with which he had been writing, and draped over part of the bathtub is a cloth, which serves as a desk. By
Further inaccuracies by David are evident. The appalling skin disease is not apparent. Instead we are faced with an image of a young healthy man. The old wooden crate, and the white sheet which covers his head complete with a patch, they are all aimed at drawing attention to the poverty and inglorious surroundings in which Marat lived. Furthermore the painting s background is dull; the walls are undecorated and scant of any colour. In reality the walls of Marat s were decorated with elegant wallpaper and decorations to beautify the interior
“David was asked by the Convention to paint Marats portrait, so it could be said that The Death of Marat was commissioned work” . David s personal perspective is incorporated into the painting. The fact that his painting drew large crowds suggests that his interpretation would have had wide ranging influence ,gaining support for the Jacobins and persuaded the way Parisian s perceived Marat, despite the paintings inaccuracies. His images showed the power of art to electrify even the most common citizen. David could have indeed chosen to paint a glorious portrait of Marat, instead we see Marat in a bathtub, surrounded by poverty, inglorious and defenceless, again David s bias is prevalent. This shows the problems historians face when dealing with history as events are often tainted by inaccuracies such as the assignat , and therefor representations cannot be taken on face value alone.
David s bias in painting this picture stems from his friendship with Marat and a mixture of admiration, and trying to depict Marat as a symbol of the revolution. David s advantage in attempting to do this was that his representation of Marat was easily absorbed and widely viewed by the public, effortlessly influencing public opinion and continuing the momentum of the revolution moving forward..
Marat is slumped in the bathtub, hand outstretched, lying motionless, in a lifeless picture of tranquillity and peace. Marats is portrayed in a similar pose to sculptor Michelangelo s masterpiece Pieta , which depicts Christ, arm outstretched as David depicted Marat. The significance is the inference that Marat sacrificed himself for the good of the people , just as Christ is said to have done. Other religious elements are also prominent, the halo like turban around Marats head, and the heavenly light shining upon Marats angelic face. It was Marats aim to construct images of a secular saint
The portrayal of Marat in this way contrasts with other accounts of Marat. Marat up until the moments before his death was a violent man who totally supported the executions of all those who opposed the government. Marat was once known to have said, In order to ensure public tranquillity 200,000 heads must be cut off .
Joseph Roques also depicts Marat in the Pieta like pose. It alerts us to how representations of the past often substitute reality for a cause, in this case the revolution.
The Jacobins set forth to prosper from Marat s high status. Various changes made throughout France reflected this and promoted the Jacobin parties cause. Place names were altered so that Montmartre became Mont-Marat; rue des Cordeliers, the rue Marat, and over thirty communes throughout the Republic incorporated the martyr in their new name . Marat dead was perhaps more useful to the Jacobins than the unpredictable, choleric live politician .
When analysing representations from the past we must recognise motivating factors behind representations. In a time when violence was so prevalent actuality was replaced by inaccurate images resulting in historical misrepresentations. This was partly due to the fear people experienced , partly due to sympathies people held. David supported the Jacobins and so this representation was biased, giving only the Jacobins perspective, not at all representing the views of Corday or the Girondins who particularly hated Marat. All reflections in history are biased documents. This is because the various problems experienced throughout history such as differing political viewpoints and loyalties affect the reliability and accuracy of historical representations. These differences affect peoples reflections, and afterthoughts of an event or experience , meaning what one person perceives and interprets in a certain way can be totally different to another individuals point of view . Subsequently we must question representations of the past , such as Davids The Death of Marat and the validity of opposing views.