РефератыИностранный языкHuHuman Cloning Research Paper Essay Research Paper

Human Cloning Research Paper Essay Research Paper

Human Cloning Research Paper Essay, Research Paper


Infinite Possibilities If Mirrors Face


The inevitability of human cloning is unavoidable. Although a majority


of individuals disapprove the idea of cloning humans, I firmly believe


that, not only will human cloning be widely practiced in the near future,


but it will also benefit the health and well-being of all humanity. Just


visualize for a second that you are one of the human clones that will


exist within this decade, and imagine putting up with all the arguments


that many opinion leaders are currently struggling to make illegal: that


cloning is a threat to human dignity and nobility, that it’s a slippery


slope, that it’s playing God, that everyone has an entitlement to a unique


and exclusive genome (except identical twins?) or to an unknown genome,


and so on and so on, etcetera, etcetera. Now how would this possibly


make you feel? Perhaps, and maybe in all probability, you would feel much


the same way as a black man would suffering from racial abuse, or even a


woman being a victim of sexual harassment. Fortunately, however, by the


time a human clone arrives at an age where he or she can be aware of what


is being interpreted, each and every one these arguments we hear today


will be forgotten. This is what happened to the moral panic that once


tempered over the prospect of transplanting a heart via one individual


to another; and to most of the opposition to in vitro fertilization,


which has not been heard from barely again after the 1978 birth of


Louise Brown, the first test tube baby (McGee 79). Public approval of


IVF in America has risen from 15% in the early seventies to over 70%


today (McGee 135). Although it did take more than 275 attempts before


researchers were able to obtain a successful sheep clone (Internet),


while cloning methods may improve, we should note that even standard


IVF techniques typically have a success rate of less than 20 percent


(Wachbroit B1). In the Book of Genesis in the Bible chapter 1, verse 28,


God says, “be fruitful and multiply; and fill the Earth.”!


Then he continues, “and master it.” Also to note, ?Though God’s


miraculous creation of Eve was far from cloning, it is interesting to


note in passing that God’s own Word says He used Adam’s rib-physical


bone and tissue – to create Eve (Auerbach).” This shows me that God


had to clone Adam to create Eve?s body structure, which could be argued


that biologists and embryologists are only following God?s footsteps,


and not playing God.


Over 90 percent of Americans oppose of human cloning (The Economist).


Human cloning is condemned by every major religious denomination in the


world (Wachbroit B1). The United Nations, the G-7, the World Health


Organization and other international bodies have all called for the ban


on human cloning (Walker 83). My advice to them?chill out! The fact of


the matter is, it doesn?t really matter one way or the other, except


to the parents who could not otherwise conceive, and to the children


that could not otherwise have been born. Human reproductive cloning


will never have an impact on society at large. Long before a large


enough number of clones have been born and reached adulthood to have


any potential effect on our society, much more exciting reproductive


technologies will be available. These will make it possible not only to


copy an existing genotype but also to design new genotypes to precise


specification. Parents will be able to select genes for their kids that


correlate with all sorts of desirable characteristics, such as health,


longevity, intelligence, athletic ability, beauty, and a pleasant


temperament (Ahlstrom). And long before any such genetically enhanced


children have reached an age where they can have a noticeable impact on


society, there will exist still more potent technologies, making even


this development insignificant. To concentrate on a different aspect on


the advantage human cloning, allow me to introduce to you the number one


natural assassin of the United States, heart disease. With human cloning,


scientists predict that in the near future they will be able to clone


healthy heart cells and inject them into damaged areas. According to ABC


News, cancer kills one in every four individuals in our country alone.


In a classroom of thirty-two students, eight stu

dents may possibly die


from this horrific illness. Many drugs were made to try to prevent this


deadly disease, but we are unable to find out how cells differentiate


into a specific kind of tissue, nor do they understand why cancerous


cells lose their differentiation (Internet). There are a plethora of


different diseases that await infinite freedom from human anatomical and


physiological atrophy such as leukemia, liver and kidney disease, Down?s


syndrome, cystic fibrosis, etc. These diseases are nearly impossible


to cure with the government’s ban and the absence of federal funding.


But with human cloning research, not only will illnesses be cured, but Lou


Gehrigs along with Parkinson?s will simply be considered as just?names.


On this view, it is not the case that technological development is


always progress and that all technology is good. For technology can


also be used for destructive purposes (oh yes), and the more powerful


the technology, the graver its abuse potential. Let?s take nanosystems


for example. Nanosystems are mechanical systems to guide the placement of


reactive molecules, building complex structures with atom-by-atom control


(Lewis 11657). Those who have thought through the consequences of the


anticipated ability to design and build nanosystems are rightly concerned


about the possibility of misuse of this technology, with potentially


deadly consequences. Small self-replicating molecular machines, mechanical


bacteria that could be made to feed on organic matter, may one day be


built. In the wrong hands, this technology would pose a threat to our


Earth?s biosphere and the survival of intelligent life.


And this ties in with our discussion of cloning. What concerns me about


the cloning uproar are two things. First of all, the response and the


unpreparedness of our society in dealing with this relatively trifling


technological development. In some countries there is even a risk that


legislators will respond by passing legislation that would outlaw not


only human reproductive cloning, but also research into therapeutic


cloning, although the two have little more in common than seven letters


(The Economist). If we cannot keep our heads level at the prospect that


some individuals may come to have a younger identical twin, then what


are our chances when the time comes to deal with technologies that pose


a threat to our species? existence? Will we manage to have informed,


constructive discussions, and responsible, timely decision-making?


Maybe, if we smarten up. But we better begin soon.


My second concern is that crying ?Wolf!? too often may cause people to


ignore the moral alarm the one time when the warning is actually real.


Imagine that in a couple of decades, an urgent need arises to pass some


globally binding regulation on some aspect of nanotechnology to prevent


human extinction. Will people put pillows over their heads and say,?


well, they forecasted the calamity in the cases of heart transplantation,


IVF, acid rain, recourse depletion, overpopulation, global warning,


genetically enhanced children, and many others on many occasions.


Nothing happened. So why do they expect me to pay attention this time??


So this is what I think about human cloning. It is just another tool that


will make it possible for some infertile couples to have the biological


child they could not otherwise have, enable some non-infertile parents


to better satisfy their reproductive preferences, and to cure our


world from all diseases imaginable. You can celebrate this progress,


if you so are inclined; or, you can simply accept it with a shrug.


But let us hope that it will somehow stimulate us to ascend to a level


where issues raised by our current rapid technological development can


be discussed in an informed and constructive manner, and where we can


begin to debate the options for our species? future in a more mature way.


The benefits of human cloning are plentiful and can revolutionize the


world. There are certainly risks in any new technology, but in this case,


benefits outweigh the risks. We should not close the doors that lead


to significant advances for our well-being. Better yet, let us join the


efforts of those who are working to make it happen. Cloning will not be


a downfall to human history, but rather a step closer to a better society.


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