Hobbes And Sovereignty Essay, Research Paper
HOBBES AND SOVEREIGNTYAll throughout history, man has struggled to try to understand society, and looked for a way in which to improve it. This has invoked many philosophers to contemplate the formation and legitimacy of government. One such philosopher was Thomas Hobbes, who went into great depth and detail on this subject of politics, in his incredible works The Leviathan. In this piece of literature, Hobbes describes a natural world that is void of any form of government or society, and explains how everyone in this world lives in constant fear and war. The awful imagery that Hobbes projects of this world of anarchy, which he calls a state of nature, is not left without an explanation of how its people may escape into a lawful society. Thomas Hobbes argues that in order for this escape to occur there must exist an absolute monarch. In order to understand why Hobbes feels that an absolute monarch is necessary we must first take a closer look at exactly what the state of nature is. According to Hobbes (Leviathan, 1651), the state of nature was a world,”where there was no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain; and consequently no culture of the earth, no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building, no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth, no account of time, no arts, no letters, no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death; and the life of people, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” In a state of nature, everyone would be equal but although equal, everyone would want to dominate everyone else. In turn, this generates a feeling of constant fear for survival making people violent and threatening on a continual basis. In other words, survival, or self-preservation, is the main driving force of all human beings. When two men met, they would either, have to fight or flee, in a state of nature. In conjunction with the wanting of dominance over others or the fear of others domination of oneself, men will also fight in a state of nature for glory, honour and reputation. Although at first glance the battle for glory, honour and reputation that occurs in a state of nature may appear to be contradictory with self-preservation, it is actually helping to achieve self-preservation. It achieves this by putting fear in others so that they will be less likely to attack. Unfortunately, when man gains power he will continually need more and more of it, in order to maintain his previous power levels. This creates a world of warmongers! Obviously the state of nature is not a very desirable place to live and so a way out of the anarchy and chaos must be discovered if humans are ever to become civilized. Hobbes also believed this and stated that man may leave the state of nature and enter society if everyone entered, into social contracts. These contracts meant that all people gave up their rights and liberties to an absolute sovereign either freely or by force. In exchange, the sovereign was to safeguard their lives by use of his sovereign power. Hobbes defines this absolute sovereign, as a ruler totally unbound by any rule or restriction, possesses unlimited power over all matters, and essentially remains in a state of nature. This method of leaving the state of nature into society is the regress argument. In other words, every man gives up his or her powers completely and unconditionally for the sovereign to use with the assumption that the sovereign will use it for the benefit of everyone. According to Hobbes, having an absolute sovereignty is the only way for war to end. He also believes that the sovereign’s actions should not be subject to the legal control of anyone, therefore giving him complete unrestricted power that has no limits or constraints. Another point that Hobbes makes for having a sovereign is that all people are incapable of agreeing on a common set of rule and regulations. A sovereign eliminates this problem as he decides what is right or wrong about everything. The sovereign literally decides on what is good and bad, just and unjust and therefore gives his people their morality. This view of Hobbes to end the state of nature and generate peace sounds quite reasonable, and if it were to work as Hobbes describes it, it would probably do just that. However when truly thought about, it is very unfeasible and contradictory in many ways. The main problem is that of getting the society started. Assuming first that everyone is in a state of nature. Then by the definition of what the state of nature is, it is impossible for anyone to trust someone with his or her rights and powers and have a sovereign govern over them. Hobbes tries to explain this by saying that if everyone gave up their rights, then they would all still be on an equal level and society would be born and working. This is not very realistic. In the state of nature, everyone is absolutely, terrified and has been at war their entire lives. It is ridiculous to believe that these people are going to suddenly and simultaneously give up all their rights and powers to a single person, who is planning to dominate over all of them. The very idea of this contradicts the characteristics of the people found in a state of nature. Hobbes argues that it is better to fear only one person rather than everyone, which would be true if that one person was equal with everyone else, but that is not the case when talking about a sovereign/subject relationship. Here the sovereign has all the power and the subject has none. Therefore, no one in a state of nature would willingly, default all rights to one person. They would simply be too worried that not everyone else would follow suit, which would result in having to still fear everyone, and have total fear of the sovereign that they just gave all their power to. It is more reasonable to assume that the only form of leadership or society that could possibly arise out of a state of nature would be one of master and slave. Even this situation is not very realistic, as the master would constantly be afraid that his slaves would attempt to kill him and each other.Assuming for a moment that a sovereign could be somehow chosen that the people would follow all problems of government and society would not be eliminated. Hobbes addresses the fact that there would have to be more than one sovereign in the world in order to cover all the regions and the people in them. This presents some additional problems. For instance, by Hobbes definition, an absolute sovereign remains in a state of nature. This means that there will be a group of people, possessing tremendous power, living in the constant fear, associated with a state of nature. This fear will come not so much from the sovereign’s subjects, but from other sovereigns and the people that they control. In other words, nothing has really changed a lot from the state of nature, other than the relative peace within individual kingdoms. War, fear, and the desperate desire for self-preservation still exists, except now it is between organized armies and not between every man. As the sovereign’s fears grow, he will command continually more people to go and fight until everyone is killed but himself and the other sovereign, and then they will try to kill each other as well. This is not, entirely unrealistic, as throughout history this very situation has arose between kings and their kingdoms, (although not to the same extent), and many wars have happened consequently. It is however not the ideal solution to the problems of government and society that Hobbes implies. He also does not reject the idea of having a group rather than just one person in power but he does prefer the latter. This has some good points and some bad points as well. Hobbes argues that monarchy is best for several reasons. Monarch’s interests are the same as the people. He will receive better counsel since he can select experts and get advice in private. His policies will be more consistent. Finally, there is less chance of a civil war since the monarch has no one to disagree with. The first problem with these arguments is that the monarch would probably not have the same interests as the people at all. He has supreme power, and still being in a state of nature, will be glory seeking and wanting to dominate everyone. This looks towards tyranny, which Hobbes states would not occur in a monarch system. The only interest that a sovereign would share with his people would be self-preservation. However, in order for a sovereign to protect himself he must send his subjects into battle against other sovereigns and punish by death any whom disagree with him. Therefore, although the interest may be the same, the method of fulfilling it would generate much conflict between subjects and sovereign.Hobbes belief that a monarch would receive better council than a group head of state is also not entirely accurate. It is true that within a party government, such as a democracy, each member would continually try to dominate the group, but the same competition would remain in a monarchy. The only difference being, that instead of trying to get to the top, the advisors, would be trying to get as close to the top as possible. Therefore, in both circumstances people in power would let their own goals misguide their judgments. In fact, it is even more likely that this would occur in a monarchy, as the sovereign’s advisors would have to continually, “suck up”, in order to maintain their positions or to move up. This being the case, instead of having unbiased advisors capable of giving useful, accurate, (and sometimes hard), advice, the government gets, “yes men”, who will only please the sovereign and deny the people decisions for solely their behalf. It is true however, when Hobbes says that the sovereign’s policies will be more consistent, but this is not necessarily a good thing. Simply because the policies will be consistent, in no way means that they will not be consistently bad. Again, Hobbes argument for this is that a monarch would not be a tyrant, and so on that assumption his point is valid. However, saying that absolute power would not corrupt any man is extremely unrealistic. Hobbes other argument for the preference of a single sovereign, compared to that of a group, is the lesser chance of civil war due to little, or no conflict between the monarch and anyone. Again, Hobbes is accurate only due to the assumption, that a monarch is incapable of being a tyrant. Without this assumption, civil war would be imminent. The power lust and warmongering of a tyrannical sovereign would most assuredly result in the rebellion against the government, who would defend themselves by use of the royal army.Another criticism that Hobbes receives on the debate of whether or not a single monarch should be the preference to a party government, is how valid the legitimacy of the right to govern is in a monarch system. Hobbes believes that an absolute sovereign is perfectly legitimate in governing his people on the basis that the people chose him, did so freely. However according to Hobbes, acquiring sovereignty through force was also possible, which is contradictory to both this argument of legitimacy of pow
There is some validity to the preference of a single monarch however in that although Hobbes theory may technically work with a group or party in power, it would most definitely have major problems. The first being that all sovereigns remain in a state of nature. Although group members, would be expected to give up their rights to the group, it is highly unlikely that there would not be a struggle for dominance within it, (as previously mentioned). This struggle would result in corruption, assignation, absence of cooperation and a return to the state of nature within the government. This in turn would transport all of society back into a world of anarchy. By also having a party government, a problem of forming the group becomes a concern. The people of whom it will have to govern must lay all their rights and liberties down to the group and its members. At first, this appears to be beneficial. Now, rather than only a majority being satisfied with their leader, as in a monarchy, there is more choice for people, thus making more people content. This is very artificial however, as the end result is supposedly a unified party government, when in fact all that is created is smaller interest groups, each with their own leader. Since each group member, will be trying to dominate the rest, civil war will eventually break out between factions, resulting in a monarchy system with a single sovereign. Thus, it is far better off to begin with a single, absolute sovereign and delay war from occurring at the formation of society, so that it may at least have a chance at peace.Another reason for having only a single monarch is that to do less would result in not heading in the direction away from the state of nature. Leaving the state of nature was the ultimate goal in the formation of any government. Therefore, since according to Hobbes, the sovereign must remain in a state of nature, it would be much better as a single monarch rather than a group. The reason being that in a group of leaders, all would be, at least somewhat, in a state of nature. There is no logical purpose for the people to keep any more than the least possible number of people in the state of nature, as anyone in this state would detract from peace.One of the many powers that an absolute sovereign would possess, according to Hobbes, would be that of punishment of anyone he felt deserving. This is a very reasonable and necessary function of any leader. They must make the laws, rules, regulations, and punishments for those that break them. Hobbes felt that the sovereign’s powers should be as follows. (1) Subjects owe him sole loyalty(2) Subjects cannot be freed from their obligation(3) Dissenters must consent with the majority in declaring a sovereign (4) Sovereign cannot be unjust or injure any subject(5) The sovereign cannot be put to death(6) The right to censor doctrines repugnant to peace(7) Legislative power of prescribing rules(8) Judicial power of deciding all controversies(9) Make war and peace with other nations(10) Choose counselors(11) Power of reward and punishment(12) Power of all civil appointments, including the militiaThe first three powers that Hobbes feels should be the sovereign’s are all necessary and reasonable. If the monarch is to have supreme power then his subjects must give their loyalty solely to him for that power to exist. The second regulation of having a sovereign is that the people that he rules over are never free of their obligations to him once chosen. This is also important in that if subjects could renounce their obligations at any time there would be no social contract and the sovereign would possess no power. It also protects the people and the sovereign from changing monarchs at any given time, which would most definitely result in chaos if it occurred to frequently. Hobbes is also wise in stating number three, as not every single person will simultaneously be content on a single issue. This ensures that the majority of the people will be satisfied and the rest will have to learn to deal with their situation as best, as they can. Number four however; seems to be contradictory to almost every characteristic of the monarch up to this point. The sovereign cannot be unjust or injure any subject. This is simply not a possible thing for a sovereign to be able to do, if the sovereign is how Hobbes describes him. The sovereign must injure subjects and in some cases be unjust for a number of reasons. One being that the sovereign must up hold his law, and to do so, will have to injure, or possibly kill those who disobey him. While he may not literally be the person to inflict the harm, it is still his orders that will command someone else to do it in his name. A sovereign also has to have the ability to send his soldiers off to war, and in doing so, sending hundreds of men to their deaths. This too, is the monarch injuring his subjects, but is a necessary thing for anyone who has to rule. The sovereign is also in a state of nature and therefore constantly fears that someone will try to take his power and his life. This means that in order for him to be able to ensure self-preservation he must sometimes destroy or punish those that he suspects are plotting against him. In many cases, these very people would be innocent of such accusations, but would, never the less, receive punishment unjustly. The fifth power of not being able to put the monarch to death is however a reasonable power for the sovereign to have as a right to self-preservation. As well as it helps to protect the chaos that can be associated with the death of royal heads of state. The right to censor doctrines repugnant to peace is also essential to a sovereign. It is required for preventing civil wars and rebellions and was a wise power for Hobbes to include. The number seven and eight powers, regarding legislative and judicial reign, have some problems however. Although naturally a sovereign would make legislative rules, it is quite na ve to think that one man will not become corrupt and tyrannical if he is the only person controlling the law, and yet, this is Hobbes perception. The sovereign should be able to make laws and veto suggestions, but there needs to be some sort of, “fail safe”, as well to ensure that the sovereign serves the people and not only himself. A review council perhaps or at least some forms of a constitution that would provide some basic guidelines. This is, of course, completely against Hobbes opinion but does not pose the same problems as his suggestions. Number eight is similar to number seven in that one man cannot decide on all judiciary matters. This is because his opinion may just simply be different on the issue than the parties involved, and he may be in the minority. This is why, in today’s world, there are appeal processes and supreme courts. We recognize that different people have different opinions and both of them may or may not be correct or just, and that sometimes it takes a group of people to come to the best decision. This is why it is unwise to make the sovereign have all control on these matters with no appeal process. He may make a mistake and unjustly sentence someone. Unfortunately, Hobbes must include this power if his sovereign is to be absolute. The next power of making war and peace is essential for the sovereign to remain in a state of nature, and would be hypocritical to exclude it. The issue of whether or not the sovereign should be able to choose his own councilors is one of two sides. The first, being that it is a good idea, in that if the people chose them the sovereign would constantly be worried and afraid that they were against him working for rebels and such. The other side is that these councilors are going to be very close to the sovereign and guiding his decisions and therefore contributing to his rule over the people. For this to be legitimate, the councilors ought to be chosen by the people. This will also provide a, “safe guard”, against tyranny. The last two points are also necessary for the sovereign to be absolute and to maintain his power.When Hobbes is discussing the sovereign, he clearly states that in order for him to be able to govern effectively everyone must give up their rights, powers and liberties, as mentioned earlier. Hobbes expands on this last point of liberty. To Hobbes, all subjects are required to forfeit all liberties, with the exception of the right to self-preservation. In other words, anyone is free to defend themselves from being injured or killed. Hobbes even goes so far as to say that people may even defend themselves against the sovereign if he is trying to bestow injury or death. No one is expected to go quietly to their deaths simply because it is the monarch who wishes it, although Hobbes does say that the sovereign will always succeed in the end regardless of attempts to protect oneself. This being the case, Hobbes has created another contradiction in his quest for an absolute sovereign. If the people under which the monarch rules have the right of self defense; it is not possible for the sovereign to possess unlimited power. The limit on his power is that he can not make someone willingly harm himself. In the end, it is the relentless drive for self-preservation, which will make the sovereign work around the will of the people. If the sovereign does not work around this issue, he drastically runs the risk of a rebellion. If too many people felt the need to protect themselves from the sovereign, they would eventually join, together to combat the tyranny of the monarch and his army. The very fact that this makes the sovereign a tyrant is contradictory in itself, to Hobbes belief that a monarch would never receive this title. Therefore, the sovereign does not have absolute power to wield freely. He must be careful not to upset, or rile his people too much, and this gives the people some power and control. Although traces of many of Hobbes ideas can be found today in the modern world, his need for an absolute sovereign is most definitely not one of them. Even in Hobbes time, the need is not that strong, or at least not in the way, that he describes it. He poses many contradictions and problems with his theory of a monarch rising out of a state of nature, to deliver his people to peace. Everything about the sovereign would eventually lead back to a world of no peace. That is to say, through his quest for self-preservation against other sovereigns and against his own people, and in upholding his own law, society would begin to fall and revert back to violence. Even this is based on the assumption that a sovereign could be initially chosen at all, which he simply could not. Hobbes does make some good points on the fact that man needs some form of leadership, that is not tyrannical and that the people can put their faith in to deliver them to peace. Unfortunately, the elaborate sovereign that he portrays in the Leviathan could simply not be that leader. Therefore, while Hobbes did contribute to the world of political philosophy, he failed to bring the people in a state of nature a need for an absolute sovereign.