РефератыИностранный языкTeTelepathy Essay Research Paper TELEPATHY IntroductionThe aim

Telepathy Essay Research Paper TELEPATHY IntroductionThe aim

Telepathy Essay, Research Paper


TELEPATHY Introduction


The aim of this investigation is to statistically


analyse the results of telepathy tests run on a


selection of people to determine whether


none/one/some/all of them poses telepathic powers.


These results could be used as a representative sample


of other similar people.


The selection of people will be children, all 16 or 17


years old, from a further mathematics class. These


children are similar in age and assumed to be


similarly intelligent. A group of people similar in


these characteristics has been chosen, so this group


could be used as a representative sample of other


similar people.


The sample size will be 10 people large, as this


should be large enough to show if any of them have


telepathic powers compared to the rest. This size


should also be large enough to show if further


investigation into this group of society about their


telepathic powers should be considered, should some of


them exhibit telepathic powers. This size should also


be large enough to determine whether the "transmitter"


(see below), possesses telepathic powers.


A person will take card from a pack of cards and will


look at it, while not letting anyone but him/her to


view the card. Another person will then state what


suit they think the card is, heart, diamond, club or


spade. Whether they got the suit right or wrong will


be recorded.


This investigation will try and determine whether any


people in the group can receive telepathic messages,


and so the person viewing the card – the "sender",


will be the same person throughout the investigation.


This means that the telepathic "sending" ability of


the person viewing the card is also tested. When


looking at the results from the group as a whole, the


telepathic powers of the sender can be analysed, while


looking at individual results of people trying to


received messages will give an idea as to their own


telepathic powers.


Each person will try and receive the suit of 20 cards,


as this size appears to be a large enough set of tests


to determine whether the subject has any telepathic


abilities. The card will be picked from a shuffled


pack of cards, in case any tampering has been


involved.


The results of the test will be compared to a binomial


model that assumes that the suit that the receiver


picks is picked at random (that the receiver or


transmitter has no telepathic powers). This


distribution model requires the events to be


independent of each other. Certain precautions must be


taken to ensure this. The subject must not be told


whether or not they got a suit right or wrong, as this


may affect their next answer. Also, the subject must


not be able to see the transmitter, as this may also


affect their answer, as the transmitter’s expression


may give an idea to whether they stated the correct


suit.


The mean and standard deviation will be calculated


from the real data, and from the binomial model, so


they can be compared. They can then be compared to see


if there are any significant differences that could


mean telepathic powers are present.


Results


Person No of correct Answers


1 6


2 8


3 8


4 2


5 3


6 8


7 6


8 6


9 9


10 9


Number of correct answers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Frequency 1 1 0 0 3 0 3 2


Calculations Using Data


Let x be number of correct answers


Mean


Standard Deviation


Binomial Model


The binomial probability model can be calculated from


the following formula, where given n tri

als of an


event, the probability of r occurrences of an outcome


that has a probability p occurring at each trial.


To calculate the probability distribution for the set


of telepathy tests, assuming that the chance of each


subject stating the correct card is ¼, and there are


20 tests run on each subject, the formula is


therefore:


Using this formula, the probability distribution for


correctly stating the suit of card is as follows,


where X is the number of suits correctly chosen.


x p(x)


0 3.1712 x 10-3


1 2.1141 x 10-2


2 6.6695 x 10-2


3 1.1339 x 10-1


4 1.8969 x 10-1


5 2.0233 x 10-1


6 1.6861 x 10-1


7 1.1241 x 10-1


8 6.0887 x 10-2


9 2.7061 x 10-2


10 9.9223 x 10-3


11 3.0068 x 10-3


12 7.5169 x 10-4


13 1.5419 x 10-4


14 2.5699 x 10-5


15 3.1712 x 10-6


16 3.5693 x 10-7


17 2.7994 x 10-8


18 1.5552 x 10-9


19 5.4570 x 10-11


20 9.0949 x 10-13


Mean


The mean of this probability distribution can be


calculated thus:


Standard Deviation


Analysis


The mean of the real data is 30% higher than the mean


of the probability distribution. There could be


several reasons for this. It could mean that the


transmitter has some telepathic powers. It could mean


that many of the people in the group to receive


messages are telepathic. It could be a combination of


both.


However the standard deviation for the test data is


approximately 18% higher than for the probability


model. This means that there is a higher spread, that


there are more results further from the mean than


there would be if the subjects were simply guessing


the suit. This does suggest that some of the subjects


that could have possessed telepathic powers were not


getting the correct suit right on purpose. To put it


simply, they were "fighting" the messages they were


sent. It could also mean that the transmitter could


have been sending them incorrect messages.


I think that data doesn’t show that anyone in the test


had any extremely significant telepathic powers. The


highest number of correct cards in the test was 9.


This happened twice. This is quite an improbable


event; the probability of such an event happening


once, is 0.027061. However, as there are so many


things that could happen – from getting 0 right to


getting all 20 right, they are all improbable, just


some are more probable than others.


Here I have found I have contradicted myself. The mean


and standard deviation show that some of the people


have telepathic powers, but looking at the data they


don’t. I think this is because this test was severely


limited. The results of the test could have been


random, and the mean and standard deviation simple


"happen" to be higher. I think that the test was far


to short and the test group too small to be certain of


any telepathic powers. A future test should test each


person more and ask him or her to identify more suits


of cards. The sender would have to be tested more


also, and try and transmit more cards to more people.


To make sure that this group of people doesn’t have


telepathic powers within it, they should all be


subject to longer tests, as this will confirm whether


they have telepathic powers or not.


A large limitation of this test was deciding whether


the results show if it is the sender, or the receivers


that were telepathic. This could be done by making the


receivers try and receive messages from a selection of


people, and analysing the results to find which people


were the best transmitters.

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