Effects Of Music Essay, Research Paper
Effects Of Music On The Mind
Are people typically geniuses? Statistically, people probably are not. In fact, most people
probably aren’t even intellectually gifted at all. Most people are likely to be pretty much
average, maybe a little bit above average, or a little below, but very average none the
less. It is universally understood that people strive to learn to become wiser and more
informed about the world around them. The more people learn, the more powerful they
can become. It is the speed at which people learn that separates the geniuses from the
average people and from the learning disabled. Geniuses don’t run into problems while
learning, because they learn very fast. It is everyone else that could really use help. One
solid way to increase the speed at which people learn is with music. People learn through
music and their minds grow faster because of it. Some music, when implemented
properly, can have positive effects on learning and attitude. Music is a powerful thing, and
when we understand its significance, it can bring dramatic changes both positive and
negative into our lives.
The earliest stages of learning for young children are the most important. The
fundamentals of learning are instilled into a child at a very young age. How much
importance is placed on these fundamentals can have dramatic affects on the future of
the child’s learning. Music, when applied in a constructive way, can have positive effects
on a child’s ability to learning and can help them in many ways.
One way that music can make learning easier for a young child is by implementing music
lessons into a child’s normal activities. A small study was done two years back involving
ten three-year-olds who were tested on their ability to put together a puzzle and the speed
at which they could do it (”Learning Keys” 24). After the initial test was taken, five of the
children were given singing lessons for 30 minutes a day and the other five were given
piano lessons for 15 minutes a week (24). The lessons were conducted over a six- month
period of time, and after the six months, all of the kids showed substantial improvement
in the speed at which they could put together the puzzle (24). The researchers
understand this skill in putting pieces of a puzzle together as the same reasoning that
engineers, chess players and high-level mathematicians use. In this study of inner-city
kids, their initial scores were below the national average, but afterwards their scores
nearly doubled (24). The term given to this type of reasoning and thought that goes into
putting pieces of a puzzle together is called abstract reasoning. By teaching music,
people exercise the same abstract reasoning skills that they use for doing math or some
other exercise in which the people have to visualize in their head. An eight month study
was conducted by Frances H. Rauscher of the University of California at Irvine. In this
study, nineteen preschoolers, ranging in age from three to five, received weekly keyboard
and daily singing lessons while another fivteen preschoolers received no musical training
at all (Bower 143). At the begining, middle and end of the study, the subjects were tested
on five spatial reasoning tasks (143). After only four months, scores on the test to
assemble a puzzle to form a picture improved dramatically for the group with the musical
training, while the control group didn’t, even though both groups started out with the
same scores (143). It can be stated that this kind of improvement may not be substantial
enough to alter the way people are fundamentally taught, but its results cannot be
ignored. Rauscher explains, “Music instruction can improve a child’s spatial intelligence
for a long time, perhaps permanently” (qtd. in Bower 143). Implementing such changes
and improvements into a young child’s learning could have great effects on them in the
future when dealing with the same spatial reasoning skills.
With its resulting improvements in spatial reasoning, music can also be a very helpful
tool when actually implementing it into the classroom and intergradting it with basic
school curriculum. In New York City, a program called Learning through an Expanded Arts
Program, or LEAP, has been going on for a while and provides both music and the arts is
implemented into the school curriculum to improve scholastic scores of children at all
levels (Dean and Gross 614). One way in which music is implemented is with math. They
call it “musical math,” in which the teacher incorporates rhythm with counting and
gaining a grasp on the fundamentals of math (618). With the rhythm, they are able to
learn basic elements of math like fraction and multiplication. Christine Bard, the LEAP
consultant explains, “Music helps teach the precognitive skills. It gives students the
capacity to trust themselves by providing internal discipline through a highly repetitive
structure” (qtd. in Dean and Gross 618). On the whole, students’ feeling of self-confidence
and accomplishment are great and most importantly, the students’ attitude toward math
and learning is increased dramatically (618). Music as a separate and thorough
curriculum can have dramatic positive changes in the learning process of young people.
Mary Jane Collett, the Director of the Office of Arts and Cultural Education of the Division
of Instruction and Professional Development of New York City Public Schools says:
… a well taught sequential music curriculum not only results in music learning that has
inherent value; it also gives students the chance to listen, react, see, touch, and move.
Instruction in music skills, appreciation, and theory also provides a wealth of learning
strategies that enhance children’s analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating skills. Students
learn to process information and transfer knowledge through these concrete, kinetic, and
cognitive experiences (Collett 61).
Mary Jane Collett is an advocate for a program called Learning To Read Through The
Arts (LTRTA), which makes music and the arts a separate course in the elementary
curriculum instead of using it as an aid to different parts of the curriculum here and there
(61). Music is taught through listening to different types of music while talking about the
music, trying to understand it and interpret it in different ways and in many ways, imitate
it (63). She further explains:
These integrated music experiences provide excitement in learning for children and
thereby improve students’ reading, writing, thinking, and analyzing skills and strategies.
Learning through all the senses expands the learning process to accommodate different
learning styles. Opportunities for integrating communication arts, literature, science,
social studies, and the arts are limited only by the educator’s imagination, creativity, and
open-mindedness (64).
Music, when involved in the classroom, can have great effects on the early stages of
learning for the very young up through elementary age school children. Music can also
have significant effects on older people in a learning environment. Music does not have
the same effect on older people as it does on younger people, however. It is easily
understood that for young children, getting them to do fun musical things like learning to
play an instrument is somewhat easy compared to getting an adult to do the same thing.
Children will do it because it is something new and exciting whereas adults need to be
motivated to do something because they won’t do something simply because they have
too. For adults it is a matter of choice, but when they choose to involve music into their
everyday lives, the effects can be just as dramatic. One important aspect that music can
have on learning for people of all ages is attitude. It seems logical to assume that it is
more helpful for adults who are less likely to want to do a particular job or activity, but
music can change this and give a listener a more positive attitude and motivation. As we
will see, by simply listening to pleasant music in the background while doing an arduous
task can make it seem so much easier, or in some cases, music may not increase positive
attitude, but will ease the strain of an activity. A study was conducted by Shawn E.
Mueske, a graduate student at Mankato State University, to determine the effects of
background music on a biology lab. He wanted to determine the effects of background
music on attitude, achievement, time spent in the laboratory and on task behavior
(Mueske 6-7). He used a control group which entailed one lab where no music was
present, and one experimental group which listened to popular/soft rock music at an
appropriate soft sound level for background music (14). He found that there was no real
difference in attitude or achievement among the two groups, but there was a significant
increase in time spent in the laboratory and time spent on task (18-28). Listening to
music as background can help people when they’re thinking, learning, or working, but the
music needs to be implemented correctly. It can be easily understood that if it’s vocal
music, it needs to be somewhat quiet, for if it isn’t, it can be very distracting to the mind.
It is logical to conclude then that if it’s instrumental, it can be somewhat louder than
vocal music, but not too loud because any music that is loud enough will make it hard to
learn or think. When people listen to music in the background, it is very important that
they listen to music that they are familiar and comfortable with. It is not necessarily
better for people to listen to music that is supposed to relax them if they are unfamiliar
with it. It is better for people to listen to music they are comfortable with and know well
and like. A study of 50 male surgeons was conducted to see if they performed a basic
surgeon-related task better and more efficiently while listening to surgeon-selected music,
experimenter-selected music, or no music at all (Allen and Blascovich 882). The test
monitored skin conductance response frequency, pulse rate, blood pressure, speed and
accuracy (883). The experimenter-selected music was Pachelbel’s Canon in D. Both
conditions with music showed significantly better results than the condition without
music, but the condition with surgeon-selected music was clearly even higher than the
other (883). Another study was conducted on 54 people (25 males and 29 females) to
determine the difference of subject-selected music, experimenter-selected music and no
music, on affect, anxiety, and relaxation (Thaut and Davis 210). This study was done
under the understanding that stress is a major factor to health problems of the day. It is
important to cut down on stress in our daily lives and any way that we can do that is
beneficial to our health in some way or another. One way to try and cut down on stress in
people’s everyday lives is by listening to music. In past years, there has been quite a bit
of music created for the sole purpose of relaxation and the reduction of stress. The
questions posed by this study were to determine whether relaxation tapes really work
better than a person’s personal preference in music or no music at all in reducing stress?
The study found that all three ways worked well for relaxation and reducing tension, but
listening to music proved a little bit more beneficial. Of the two music groups, it found
that the relaxation tapes were equally as good as the subject-selected music, but were no
better (219-220).
Music is an invaluable tool when it comes to reaching students who fail to do well in
school, or are at risk of learning. Scott Shuler, a music consultant in the Connecticut
State Department of Education and adjunct professor in the Hartt School of Music in West
Hartford, Conn. describes at-risk students as students that express characteristics. These
charateristics included academic underachievement, lack of self-esteem and self-respect,
inability to communicate thought and feeling on an intimate level, limited conflict
resolution and problem-solving skills, boredom with traditional schooling. Additional
tracks of the at risk students indicate a need for a supportive peer group with whom they
can establish a social bond, learning styles that differ from those addressed by traditional
modes of instruction, interest in artistic expression and eagerness to pursue tasks they
find interesting, need for an experiential, hands on approach to learning, avoidance of
academic risk taking, and need to experience success somewhere in the school setting
(Shuler 31). Shuler proposes that there are two essential reasons why students fail in
school. They lack an ability to learn or lack the desire to learn, while most students who
fail have the ability to do well, they choose not to because their school experience doesn’t
motivate them (30).
At-risk students create an aversion to traditional styles of teaching and when attempts
are made to cut out “nonessential” subjects from curricula, it only worsens the problem
and further distances the at-risk student from the goal of becoming motivated to do better
(30-31). For many reasons, music can be one of the most influential factors in getting
at-risk students motivated. Music related courses in curricula give students many of the
important elements that will erase the characteristics of an at-risk student. Every student
likes music if only one kind, and outside of school, most students seek out music pretty
actively (31). Therapists use music to help severely handicapped individuals, so why can’t
schools do the same thing to help at-risk students?(31) Musical groups such as choir,
orchestra or band help bring people together as well as improving communication skills,
group work, and forming peer groups. Music creates a higher standard of performance of
people. For example, if a math test grade of 90% would be an “A”, a 90% grade on a
musical performance would be quite bad (32). This study seems to suggest that music
can provide a student with a level of individuality to learn in his/her own style. Music
education creates a much more well-rounded student that do much more and learn much
easier.
Music can also have very interesting and beneficial effects on the mind. A study was
conducted at the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory at the University of
California at Irvine by Frances H. Rauscher, Gordon L. Shaw and Katherine N. Ky. In the
study, 36 college students listened to one of three listening condition for ten minutes and
then took the Stanford-Binet intelligence test designed for abstract reasoning (Rauscher,
Shaw and Ky 611). The experiment was repeated for each of the three listening
conditions and included listening to a Mozart piano sonata, a relaxation tape, and
complete silence (611).
They found that the equivalent IQ scores were equal between listening to the relaxation
tape and complete silence, but after listening to the Mozart piece, IQ scores were an
average of eight to nine points higher than the others (611). The scientists explain,
however, that enhancing effect doesn’t last for more than ten to fifteen minutes after
listening to the sample (611). They were able to develop some theories out of the results
of this study, but much more testing is required for any solid conclusions to be made.
They think that music which is without complexity or is highly repetitive will not enhance
abstract reasoning, but rather interfere with it (611). Their findings are put under
scrutiny and criticism by Kristin Leutwyler, who tries to set the record straight about
misinterpretations in the media regarding the findings of Rauscher, Shaw and Ky. She
asserts that “…the popular press have suggested that anyone can increase his or her IQ
by listening to Mozart. This supposed quick fix is false” (28). She explains that the IQ
scores were based solely on spatial ability and not other factors that IQ takes into account
(28).
Leutwyler explains that Rauscher’s work is “… based on the premise that listening to
music and performing a spatial task prime the same neural firing patterns. But that’s just
a guess.” (28) Despite the skepticism of Leutwyler in the findings of the three scientists
and the fact that more testing needs to be done to take into account different variables,
the initial findings cannot be ignored. There is some correlation between listening to
music and spatial reasoning and through it, there is some connection with IQ.
A large study was done many years ago to test intelligence across a wide range of fields
and subjects (Schoen 94). On the study, 205 college students were given the Minnesota
College Ability Test, all of the Seashore tests for musical talent, and were rated on a scale
for musical training (94). After the testing was complete, they separated out the top 25
and the bottom 25 to determine if there was a difference in musicality among them, but
found none (94). Next, they excluded the 25 students with the greatest and least amount
of musical training and found two interesting groups (94). Of the two groups left, the top
group’s average student had taken music theory, private piano lessons for two years,
voice and cello for four years while he/she had played in orchestras for four years, sung
in choir for six years, had three musicians in the family, could read music and supply
missing parts, and attended concerts regularly (94). The lower group’s average student
had never had any private lessons, didn’t play an instrument, had no musicians in his/her
family, and never attended operas or concerts (95). Music won’t turn anyone into a
genius, but it can have some substantial effects on bringing people above average at
least. One thing that music does that cannot be ignored is it stimulates the brain-
sometimes positively and sometimes negatively, but it effects the brain nonetheless.
Some positive effects on the brain can be seen from the study conducted by Rauscher,
Shaw and Ky where they found a temporary increase in spatial reasoning after listening to
a bit of Mozart. These findings are somewhat inconclusive, but cannot be ignored
altogether. It shows how there is much more studying that needs to be done in the future
on this subject. Music has been known to have a very direct effect on people’s moods. By
just listening to music, people’s moods are easily altered. Several studies were conducted
to test people’s mood changes after listening to certain kinds of music (Schoen 89-99).
One large study of 20,000 people showed music changes mood and the changes in mood
were very uniform (89). A large number of people listened to classical music by various
composers from various musical periods and were asked how the music made them feel.
Another study showed that the effects of mood varied from person to person depending
on their musicality. Non-musical people enjoy music rarely and when they do, the
enjoyment is slight, while semi-musical people enjoy music quite often and when they do,
it is enjoyable to them, while musical people enjoy music rarely, due to discriminating
tastes, but when they do, it is with the greatest intensity (90). These studies also showed
that certain types of moods/emotions are characteristic with music while certain
emotions are not such as anger, fear, jealousy, and envy (91). Certain emotions are more
characteristic with vocal music because of the words such as: love, longing, reverence,
devotion (91). Another study was done on 205 people testing the effects of major and
minor modes. Minor mode gave the feelings of “… melancholy, mournful, gloomy,
depressing…” while major mode most often gave the feelings of “… happy, sprightly,
cheerful, joyous, and bright …” (99).
Music is an important and extremely useful tool in the way we learn and to deny its
power is a waste of a truly wonderful resource. In recent years there have been concerns
about some types of music such as ?street? Rap having very negative effects on peoples
minds and moods. This type of music imprints an extremely violent image into people’s
minds and there has been growing concern about it and tying it in with violent crimes. In
cases like this, it only shows how much more we need to study music to fully understand
its full impact on the human mind. In these days where cutbacks are always eminent in
people’s local schools, people need to fight to keep the music and art intact. Music and
the arts are what make life worth living and without them, people lose hold of their
culture and diversity. The ideal way to learn in the future would be to fully incorporate
music into the curriculum of every school. If every school supported and encouraged their
students to freely pursue music with the culture of music in their everyday lives, people
would become much more efficient in their learning and would become much better
students on the whole. Music is a power too great for man to comprehend at this point
but through further study man can learn how to better harness its power and use it to
improve mankind.