РефератыИностранный языкThThe Circumstances Essay Research Paper

The Circumstances Essay Research Paper

The Circumstances Essay, Research Paper


?


Diocletian and


Constantine reformed administrative and military structures of the state ?


strength of 4th century empire and survival through 5th. ?


Diocletian work on


border ? reorganisation of provinces, rebuilding creation of forts, need for


permanent garrisons orientated Roman Empire toward defence.? Multiple field armies by Constantine


increased specialisation? – limited


capacity offensive wars beyond border ? cost of maintaining expanded force.


Avoid costs and losses restrict army to defensive duties. ?


Julian exception


showed how unwise large scale aggressive war was, defeat Adrianople reinforced


a determination to avoid risks. ?


4th century


string sense of alienation? from the


military ? part in fact due to barbarians in army, soldiers dangerous to


civilian population? -worth great sums


of tax payers money. ?


Yes Diocletian sets up


admin systems for setting up tax, tax reap good compared to declining


base.? Frequent shortages of pay and


supplies for troops.? Corruption and


difficulties raising money 360 ? Ursulus comessacrarum largitionum ?Look


with what spirt the cities are defended by the soldiers, who are enriched by


the depletion of the Empire?s wealth? ?


Views like this extend


sympathy non-military approach to foreign relations ? head on and defeat


tradition.? History fourth and fifth


centuries attempts in tension with this tradition, to develop new approaches to


foreign relations ? reconceptualise outside / Barbarian a necessary exercise if


relation to be modified. ?


Rokman attitudes to


Barbarians still sub-human despite so many in the army and Priscus less so ?The


Barbarian?- Barbarians ability to coordinate actions, form confederacies,


appreciation and utilisation of skills ? or Attila?s diplomacy etc, or entry


into society via marriage etc. ?


Prevailing attitude


negative towards Barbarian ? even though many assimilate into Roman society ?


Stilicho is a Vandal ? Syneius of Cyrene 399 ? only place for Barbarian in


slavery. ?


Nbarbarians settle in


west and despite Ostrogoths leaving for Italy under Theoderic ? despite purge


399 ? continued demand for Barbarians in army. ?


Persia under Ardashir


I and ShapurI heroic warrior kingdom ? aggression driven by desire for glory


and booty.? War like impulses driven


from social structure ? not medieval Europe feudalism, rested on hereditary


personal relationships between various groups that made up the population ? top


was, inc Sasanid House, ruling nobility derive from inherited control of the land


and its resources, heroic descent + wars.?


King of Kings simply kings in different regions that made up


geographical whole. ?


Persian Kingdom – Eran


and Aneran ? Iran and Non-Iran ? Iran regarded as main deal, others as


extrinsic.? Armenia may have fluctuated


between status and most regions tend to resist attempts to bind them further


into centralised state ? Kawad and Khosro I ?


7 major offices in SE


from 7 great families ? including Sasan family ? eroded away in Roman Empire ?


elite of service military and civil.?


Long-service family Anici could come no where near relative status of S


family. ?


3rd century


Persian rulers ? no imperial aggrandisement Shapur I when captured cities did


not attempt to hold on to what he had taken ? marched inhabitants off to Persian


as loot. Not expansionist but need of Persian Kings for honours and spoils of


war maintain position with Persia.?


Skills carried off in skill low Persia more important that territory.? Beyond this most useful thing is payment


from Emperor, or they saw it tribute, which can be seen as political


subordination. ?


Sasanian age of heroic


war ended with Shapur I ? 6 rules 40 years post him ? internal difficulties


that distract them from war ? dissentions amongst nobility, opposition with


Sasanid house, efforts by Magian priesthood unified Zoroastrian church. ?


Zoroastrian exerted


great control of law etc.? Secular


counter balance of RE lacking in SE.?


Although Z said war against non-believers a virtue, failure of


large-scale conversion outside confines of border losses political tool of


evangelisation beyond border. ?


Death of Shapur I to


grand invasion Kawad 502 ? very constraint in their dealings.? Significant military penetrations shows


restraint:? invasions of south


Mesopotamia Armenia by Nersh in 296 and Galerius reposted 298,invasions of


northern Mesopotamia, invasions north M by Shapur II in 359 and 360,


hostilities initiated by Romans 421-2 ? yes Roman defences may have stopped


them 337 ? 350 ? large-scale efforts were comparatively rare balance of large scale


aggression Roman side ? Persian limit themselves to threats and cross-border


raiding. ?


Despite Dio Cassius


and Herodian Persian harboured no desire Achaemenid holdings up to Thrace ? not


solely imperialist mindset, but no indication of a Persian will to world


dominion such as wars fostered by a Roman and Christian universalism. Shapur II


real aim overturning settlement of 299 ? no evidence harboured broader


territorial ambitions ? desire at most for hegemony taking the form of Cesar


tributary boasts. ?


Ate 3rd and


4th centuries internal and external distractions for Persians ?


improved defensive capacity of Romans developed under Diocletian and


Constantine from 350 raiding of Kidarites in NE – paralleled, not equalled,


pressures Roman suffer on Northern border ? drew off attention and resources ?


Internally ? King


could be distracted by attempts from priesthood and nobility to limit power and


control use ? polygamy and no primogeniture encouraged and obscured succession


problems. Distracted Western frontier as it seems initiative from King


necessary for anything other than minor undertakings. ?


King faces difficulty


in marshalling resources for full-scale campaign against Romans ? or even


enough to maintain a strong defensive position ? King only small standing army


needed nobility support and release, makes it a slow process to raise an army ?


inhibited development of Romanesque infrastructure for supply and maintenance ?


King effort to have


more manpower and skill under his direct control ? same looting, extortion or


agreement had aim of raising money so King could have direct control..? If Romans refused go on booty and loot raids


which would get the required funds, stability and honour and glory for the


King.? When defences weakened in 502 ?


penetrations increased King?s position; direct control, finance and power with


no corresponding increase ins security for Persian empire. ?


Factors positively add


for search for military compromise, lessen need for military action.? Southern Mesopotamia with Jewish influence


and Babylonia ? cultivated and sued in administration.? Admin and legalistic tradition counter


balance heroic Iranian tradition, alternatives to the glory of war. History


bring heighten tradition of diplomatic contact and peaceful communication.? King exploited communication and movement


through the borderlands ? various levels of contact with the Roman side.? Association and use of the image of


Babylonia ? respectfully incorporated into Graeco-Roman historical tradition. ?


gave Persia face of stable, enduring, civilised polity with which to deal on


more than military basis.

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