How To Treat A Burn Essay, Research Paper
How to Treat a Burn
Burns are classified in three categories according to their severity. First-Degree Burns affect the outer layer of the skin, first-degree burns cause pain, redness, and swelling. They usually do not require medical attention. Second-Degree Burns affect both the outer and underlying layer of the skin, causing pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. Third-Degree Burns Severe tissue damage is evident involving the skin, fatty tissue, nerves, and other tissues deep below the surface. Indications of third-degree burns include swelling, skin that is charred or white, and limited pain because nerves have been damaged or destroyed.
Before giving first aid, consider how extensively burned the victim is and try to determine the depth of the most serious part of the burn. Then treat the entire burn accordingly. Knowing how the burn occurred is helpful, since different sources cause different types of burns. If in doubt, treat it as a severe burn.
Giving immediate first aid before professional medical help is received may lessen the severity of the burn. Prompt medical attention to serious burns can help prevent scarring, disability, and deformity. If the burn does not heal normally, get medical advice. For extensive but superficial burns, keep dressings clean and dry and change them as needed. If signs of infection develop get medical help immediately. Signs of infection include increased pain, redness, swelling, drainage from the burn, swollen lymph nodes, or red streaks spreading from the burn toward the heart. Make sure the victim is up-to-date on tetanus immunization. Victims under age 4 or over age 60 have a higher incidence of complications and, consequently, a higher death rate. Burns on the face, hands, feet, and genitalia are most serious, because of possible loss of function.
The most common type of burns are Thermal burns, they are the result of residential fires, automobile accidents, playing with matches, improperly stored gasoline, space heaters, electrical malfunctions, or arson. Burns can be caused by dry heat (like fire), wet heat (such as steam or hot liquids),
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radiation, friction, heated objects, the sun, electricity, or chemicals. Airway burns can be caused by inhaling smoke, steam, superheated air, or toxic fumes, often in a poorly ventilated space. Other causes include improper handling of firecrackers, scalding accidents, and kitchen accidents (such a child climbing on top of a stove or grabbing a hot iron).Burns in children are sometimes traced to parental abuse.
Symptoms
blisters
pain (The degree of pain is not related to the severity of the burn; the most serious burns can be painless.)
peeling skin
red skin
shock (Watch for pale and clammy skin, weakness, bluish lips and fingernails, and decreasing alertness.)
swelling
white or charred skin
DO NOT apply ointment, butter, ice, medications, fluffy cotton dressing, adhesive bandages, cream, oil spray, or any household reme
DO NOT allow the burn to become contaminated. Avoid breathing or coughing on the burn.
DO NOT disturb blistered or dead skin.
DO NOT give the victim anything by mouth, if there is a severe burn.
DO NOT apply cold compresses and do not immerse a severe burn in cold water. This can cause shock.
DO NOT place a pillow under the victim’s head if there is an airway burn and he or she is lying down. This can close the airway.
TREATING A MINOR BURNS:
1. If the skin is unbroken, run cool water over the area of the burn or soak it in a cool water (not ice water) bath. Keep the area submerged for at least 5 minutes. However, if the burn occurred in a cold environment, do not apply water. A clean, cold, wet towel will also help reduce pain.
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2. Calm and reassure the victim. Burns can be extremely painful.
3. After flushing or soaking for several minutes, cover the burn with a sterile bandage (if available) or clean cloth.
4. Protect the burn from pressure and friction.
5. Over-the-counter pain medications may be used to help relieve the pain; they may also help reduce inflammation and swelling.
6. Minor burns will usually heal without further treatment. However, if a second-degree burn covers an area more than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, or if it occurred on the hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks, or a major joint, then treat the burn as a major burn (see below).
TREATING A MAJOR BURNS:
1. If someone is on fire, either douse him or her with water if it is available, wrap the victim in thick, non-synthetic material such as a wool or cotton coat, rug, or blanket to smother the flames, or lay the victim flat and roll him or her on the ground. If your clothes catch fire, STOP, DROP, and ROLL.
2. Do not remove burnt clothing (unless it comes off easily), but do ensure that the victim is not still in contact with smoldering materials.
3. Make sure the burn victim is breathing; if breathing has stopped or if the victim’s airway is blocked then open the airway and if necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.
4. If breathing is not a problem, cover the area of the burn with a cool, moist sterile bandage (if available) of clean cloth (do no use a blanket or towel; a sheet will do if the burned area is large). Do not apply any ointments. Avoid breaking burn blisters.
5. If fingers or toes have been burned, separate them with dry, sterile, non-adhesive dressings.
6. Elevate the burned area and protect it from pressure and friction.
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7. Take steps to prevent shock. Lay the victim flat, elevate the feet about 12 inches, and cover the victim with a coat or blanket. Do not place the victim in the shock position if a head, neck, back, or leg injury is suspected or if it makes the victim uncomfortable.
8. Continue to monitor the victim’s vital signs (pulse, rate of breathing, blood pressure) until medical help arrives.