РефератыИностранный языкRoRoman Civil War And Caesar Essay Research

Roman Civil War And Caesar Essay Research

Roman Civil War And Caesar Essay, Research Paper


If anyone had hoped that the assassination of Julius Caesar would bring about


the return of Republican rule, they must surely have been disappointed, for the


political turbulence simply continued. Caesar?s assassins and his old


commanders battled for control, while orators like Cicero labored to save the


old Republic. In the and, Julius Caesar?s great nephew and adopted son


Octavian known to history as Augustus Caesar outmaneuvered and outfought


everyone. The year after his uncle?s death, Octavian and his allies of the


Caesarian faction joined forces in an alliance called the second Triumvirate. By


means of intriguer and threat, they coerced the senate into granting them and


their legions the power to rectory peace to the Roman state. In the battle of


Philippi, in northern Greece in 42b.c., Octavian and his allies defeated the


conspirators who had assassinated Julius Caesar. However, peace was not at hand.


Octavian split with his former allies, especially with Mark Antony, who was now


Cleopatra?s lover. In a climactic naval battle at Actium in 31b.c., Octavian


defeated Mark Antony. Antony?s death and Octavian?s victory effectively


ended the Roman Civil war. In the thirty seventh poems in his first book of


Odes, the poet Horace wrote in response: Nuncest bibendum nuncpede libero


pulsanda tellus! Octavian took power, and Horace hailed him as ?Caesar,?


which, for the first time, becomes a horrific title. Gaius Julius Caesar


Octavianus held both military command and tribunician power he was both chief


priest. He was also politically astute enough

to adorn reality with palatable


outward forms, replacing democracy with autocracy in a way that did not


antagonize the public. He called on the services of culture, religion,


literature, architecture, and the visual arts to help create a new picture of


the world, with the result that there was a politically inspired aesthetic


revolution, which led to the legalization of absolute power. In 27b.c., Octavian


formally divested himself of all authority. In response, the Senate and the


people promptly gave it back to him, voting him the title Augustus. Although he


was never officially emperor of Rome at all, within four years he had assumed


complete power including the right of veto over any law. The Republic was


formally dead. During the forty-five years that Augustus ruled, the Senate and


popular assemblies continued to meet. However, the election of consuls,


proconsuls, tribunes, and other officials required his blessing, the Senate was


filled with Augustus? finds, and the popular assemblies seem to have lost all


political function. As commander of the armies, he rule all the vast territories


of an empire that reached to the Rivers Rhine and Danube in what is now Germany.


He commanded in the name of his uncle, Julius Caesar, and on the basis of his


own military victories, claiming that he brought peace and order after a century


of civil wars. He rebuilt temples to the Olympian gods, the ?divine? Julius


Caesar, and to ?Rome and Augustus.? He built roads, bridges, and aqueducts,


established a sound currency, nurtured honest government, and maintained peace,


which lasted nearly two hundred years.

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