Методические рекомендации по курсу практической грамматики Зорина Л. Б

по курсу практической грамматики

Зорина Л.Б.

Москва

2002

Методические рекомендации по курсу практической грамматики написаны к пособиям “Article”, “Noun”, “Adjective”, “Pronoun”, “Adverb” и включают в себя краткое описание наиболее употребимых случаев артикля, классификацию, способы образования и употребления существительного, прилагательного, местоимения и наречия, а также тексты для лексико-грамматического перевода и грамматического анализа.

Пособие предназначено для студентов изучающих английский язык на уровнях Intermediate- Upper Intermediate.

Contents

Предисловие ……………………………………………………….. 4

1. Артикль

Article …………………………………………………………… 5

2. Существительное

Noun ……………………………………………………………. 18

3. Прилагательное

Adjective ………………………………………………………… 22

4. Местоимение

Pronoun …………………………………………………………. 25

5. Наречие

Adverb …………………………………………………………… 32

6. Библиография

Sources …………………………………………………………… 35

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Пособие предназначено для студентов изучающих английский язык на уровнях Intermediate- Upper Intermediate.

Пособие представляет собой грамматический справочник по ряду разделов грамматики.

Цель пособия – систематизировать знания по этим темам. В данный справочник были включены наиболее простые трактовки и объяснения грамматических явлений, теоретические сведения, примеры, иллюстрирующие грамматические явления, их перевод на русский язык. Раздел Stop and Check позволяет проверить усвоение грамматического материала. Грамматические правила излагаются на английском и на русском языке, что позволяет студентам более точно усвоить значение изучаемого грамматического явления, а также обратить внимание на грамматические трудности при переводе с одного языка на другой.

Пособие предназначено для самостоятельной работы студентов в классе и во время домашней подготовки.

При составлении пособия использовались грамматики английского языка российских и британских авторов.

Артикль. Article.

План прохождения темы:

1. Определение, происхождение, основные виды артикля и его формы.

2. Основные случаи употребления неопределенного артикля с исчисляемыми существительными.

3. Основные случаи употребления определенного артикля с исчисляемыми существительными. Описательные и лимитирующие определения.

4. Основные случаи употребления нулевого артикля.

5. Употребление артиклей с аббревиатурами.

6. Употребление артиклей с географическими названиями.

7. Упражнения для повторения, грамматического анализа и контроля.

1. Артикль
- служебное слово, поясняющее существительное. (The article is a structural word modifying a noun)

В английском языке есть 3 вида артикля - неопределенный, определенный
и нулевой
.

(the indefinite article, the definite article, the zero article)

Определенный артикль произошел от древнеанглийского местоимения этот
.

Неопределенный артикль произошел от древнеанглийского числительного один
.

Артикль имеет форму множественного числа.

2.
Неопределенный артикль употребляется с исчисляемым

существительным:

1. when a person or a thing is introduced for the first time

The man was carrying a
case in his hand.

2. when a person or a thing belongs to a certain class

A cat is a domestic animal.

3. when we speak about a person or a thing in a general sense

An individual has every right to expect personal freedom.

4. before a predicative noun denoting a job

I would like to be an
architect.

5. for price, distance or frequency

80p a
kilo

40km an
hour

twice a
day.

6. with reference to illness.

a cold, a headache, a sore throat.

7. in exclamations

what a
splendid view!

8. with titles

(full stops)

She is an
M.A. (= Master of Arts)

9. in detached apposition

The accused, a
man of thirty, denied everything.

10. in the original meaning of one

I’d like coffee with a
cake.

Упражнения
из пособия “English Grammar Practice”, составители Павлоцкий В.М., Тимофеева Т.М. ex 2 p.9 (№№ 1,4,5,7,9,12,13,15,20,26,31)

11. in front of proper nouns

a) denoting members of a family

He is a
Forsyte.

b) with reference to literature and art

It’s a
Picasso.

12. with nouns denoting

a) nationality She is an
American

b) religion He is an
Anglican

c) politics He is a
Conservative

Упражнения
из пособия “Article” ex 1c p.2.

Поскольку неопределенный артикль произошел от древнеанглийского числительного один
, в современном английском языке сохранились случаи, когда можно употреблять как a/ an
так и one
.

1. with whole numbers: a/one hundred, thousand

2. with fractions: a/one quarter, half

3. with money: a/one pound, dollar

4. with weights, measures: a/one kilo, foot

5. we use one
with day, morning, evening in a narration.

One day, when it was pouring, a strange man appeared at the door.

3.
Определенный артикль
может употребляться с исчисляемыми существительными как в единственном, так и во множественном числе. Определенный артикль показывает, что говорящий имеет в виду конкретный предмет или понятие.

Определить, что имеет в виду говорящий, помогает контекст или ситуация.

When I came in they were talking about a film
.

He didn’t like the film.

Существенную роль в опознании предмета или понятия имеют определения к существительным.

attribute

descriptive
particularising

описательные (specifying)

лимитирующие

Описательные не участвуют в выборе артикля, т.е. в зависимости от ситуации артикль может быть неопределенным или определенным в данном случае.

Определения, которые всегда являются лимитирующими и требуют употребления определенного артикля:

1. прилагательные right, wrong, very, only, main, principal, central, left, right,

same, coming, following, present, former, latter, proper, previous, opposite,

necessary, usual, upper, lower.

Are you sure it’s the only way to do it?

2. определения, выраженные прилагательными в превосходной степени.

He was the most reliable friend of hers.

Most without an article means ‘the greater part’, most of the time.

3. прилагательные next
, last
для обозначения порядка расположения

предметов. (to denote the order of objects)

We’re getting off at the next stop.

Однако, если next
и last
сочетаются с существительными, обозначающими время (nouns of time), то артикль не употребляется.

We’re leaving next week.

4. определения, выраженные именами собственными в общем падеже (proper names in the common case)

the Wimbledon tournament.

Определенный артикль употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными:

1. referring to classes (in generalisations)

The violin is more difficult than the piano.

The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.

2. with nouns that refer to our physical environment

the sea, the sky, the mountains, the weather, the town, the country, the west,

the equator, the horizon

He likes the sea, but his wife prefers the mountains.

3. with nouns denoting unique objects and notions

the moon, the sun, the universe, the world, the globe, the ground, the atmosphere,

the Milky Way, the Northern Lights.

4. with nouns denoting musical instruments.

Jane played the flute.

5. with nouns denoting groups or nationality groups.

The Social Democrats, The Rolling Stones, The Russians, the proletariat, the

peasantry, the bourgeoisie, the aristocracy, the nobility, the public, the clergy.

but: Pink Floyd, Queen.

Nationality and other groups can be expressed with the help of an ajective with the

definite article. (substantivised adjectives)

The English, the French, the Chinese, the rich, the poor, the young, the blind, the

old, the wounded, the unemployed, the disabled.

Notions: the unknown, the ordinary, the average, the unusual, the supernatural.

Do you believe in the supernatural?

6. with the nouns the radio, the cinema, the theatre

But the article can be dropped when we talk about these institutions as art forms or

professions.

Cinema is different from theatre in several ways.

He’s worked in radio all his life.

7. with the titles.

The Queen, the President, the director of studies
.

8. with measurements

Do you sell eggs by
the kilo or by
the dozen?

9. emphatic use.

This hotel is the place to stay.

10. with historical events.

the French Revolution, the October takeover
.

11. with documents.

the Constitution, the Bill of Rights
.

12. with ships

the Titanic
.

13. with organizations.

the United Nations
.

14. with the press.

The Economist, The Times
.

15. with public bodies

the police, the Government
.

16. with proper names when the reference is specific.

The John Brown I know lives in San Francisco.

Упражнения
из пособия “English Grammar Practice”, составители Павлоцкий В.М., Тимофеева Т.Я. р.13 ех 8, р.17 ех 14, р.19 ех 15, р.21 ех 17.

Упражнения
из пособия ‘Articles’ p.7 ex 3D, p.8 ex 4A, p.9 ex 4B,4C.

4. Нулевой артикль. The zero article
can be used both with countable and uncountable nouns.

1. with the nouns school, hospital, church, university, college, prison, bed

denoting an activity.

Mr.Woods has gone into hospital.

She studied history at college.

but: when these nouns denote places or buildings they can be used either with

the indefinite or definite article.

There is a school in the street I live.

The school was repaired last year.

2. with the nouns breakfast, lunch, tea, dinner, supper
denoting meals.

Shall we go out for dinner?

but: a) when the reference is specific we use the definite article.

We enjoyed the supper we had last night.

b) when there is a descriptive adjective before these nouns we use the

indefinite article.

We had a light breakfast.

3. with the nouns spring, summer, autumn, winter, Christmas, Easter, December,

Saturday
denoting seasons or special time of a year, days, months.

Spring is followed by summer.

The article is not used when there are the adjectives late
or early
before the noun.

It was late autumn.

but: a) we use the indefinite article when there is a descriptive adjective before

the noun.

It was a terrible winter.

b) we use the definite article when the reference is specific.

The summer we spent last year was magnificent.

4. with uncountable nouns denoting substances or food water, oil, coffee, tea,

sugar, bread, sand.

Oil is exported by the UAE.

but: some uncountable nouns can become countable. In this case an article can

be used.

(a decision – решение decision – решительность

a work – произведение work - работа

an experience - случай из жизни experience - жизненный опыт)

A coffee with two sugars, please.

5. a) with nouns denoting titles, ranks followed by personal names (proper

names)

Professor
Jackson, Colonel
Hammond, Doctor
Lee, Lord
Byron, Oueen

Elizabeth, President
Kennedy.

but: when these nouns are not followed by proper names we can use either the

indefinite or definite article according to the context.

The doctor has been sent for.

My father is a philosophy professor.

b) with nouns denoting family relations when they are followed by proper names.

Aunt Molly, Cousin John
.

but: when proper names follow the nouns that do not belong to the two groups

mentioned above the definite article is used.

The painter Picasso, the widow Douglas, the dog Ginger,

the planet Mars
.

6. with nouns denoting some illnesses

meas[z]les
(
корь
)
, mumps
(
свинка
)
, shingles
[ 589glz ](опоясывающий
лишай
)
,

high blood pressure, flu, gout
(
подагра)
, hepatitis
[ ,hep7/ta8t8s ], appendicitis

7. with nouns denoting sport games.

hockey, golf, tennis, darts, cards, billiards, chess, draughts, cricket.

8. with nouns denoting beliefs.

God, Buddha, Christianity.

9. with nouns denoting organizations, institutions.

Congress, Parliament, Duma.

10. with nouns denoting languages.

Chinese is one of oriental languages.

11. with nouns denoting means of transport

by car/ bus/ train/ plane/ ferry
; on foot

12. with nouns denoting subjects

Mathematics is a difficult subject for many school pupils.

13. with double expressions

with knife and fork, with hat and coat, from top to bottom, on land and

sea, arm in arm, inch by inch, day after day, husband and wife, from street

to street, cheek to cheek.

14. with idioms

by hand (oт руки), at hand (под рукой), in detail, in person, on business,

on holiday, by chance, by mistake.

15. with compound conjunctions

in addition to, in contrast with, in regard to, in reply to, in connection with,

on account of (по причине), in comparison
with
, by way of (посредством).

Упражнения
из пособия “English Grammar Practic”, составители Павлоцкий В.М., Тимофеева Т.Я. p.22 ex 19 (№№ 1,2,4,5,12,13), ex 20 (№№ 1,2,13,14),

p. 24 ex 24 (№№ 1,6,7,8,9,19,21,23,24,27,29,31,32,37)

Упражнения
из пособия “Articles”. p. 10 ex 5A, p. 11 ex 5B, 5C, p. 12 ex 6B.

The use of articles with abstract nouns that can be only uncountable.

1. The zero article is always used with the nouns

money, news, luck, fun, nature, space, health, progress, advice, permission,

information, concern, work, nonsense
.

2. with nouns denoting a quality (качество, свойство) or process (процесс).

Anger, beauty, curiosity, freedom, happiness, love, modesty, pride, respect,

strength, time, violence
.

There was despair in her eyes.

3. the zero article is used when these nouns are used as an attribute (определение) or an adverbial modifier (обстоятельство).

a feeling of curiosity, a sense of guilt, to look at smth with interest, to

examine smth with great attention.

4. a) the zero article is used when a descriptive attribute denotes a degree of

quality (степень качества)

great respect, sufficient ability, perfect confidence, complete happiness,

profound satisfaction.

b) when a descriptive attribute gives a time characteristics (временная характеристика)

modern music, ancient sculpture, eternal beauty, contemporary literature.

c) when a descriptive attribute denotes nationality or place (национальная или

географическая принадлежность)

Greek architecture, French poetry, Moscow time, world peace.

d) when a descriptive attribute denotes authenticity (подлинность)

real fear, genuine sorrow, false sympathy

e) when a descriptive attribute denotes social or political belonging (социальная или

политическая принадлежность)

bourgeois sociology, proletarian culture.

the indefinite article is never used with the nouns

money, news, luck, fun, nature, space, health, progress, advice, permission,

information, concern, work (
работа, но не произведение
), nonsense.

5. the indefinite article is used if the attribute is certain
and peculiar
, a descriptive

clause (описательное придаточное предложение).

There was a peculiar tenderness in her letter.

He had a patience that amazed his friends.

5. The use of articles with abbreviations.

Some abbreviations are made from the initial letters of several words. This often happens with the names of organizations.

Some initial-letter abbreviations are pronounces letter by letter and used with the definite article.

The BBC, the CIA, the FBI, the USA, the IRA, the IMF.

Others are pronounced like words (they are called acronyms
) and the article is dropped.

UNESCO, UNO, GATT, FAO, NATO, OPEC, SALT, SHAPE, UNICEF,

VAT, WASP, WHO.

6. The use of articles with geographical and place names.

См. И.П.Крылова, Е.В.Крылова. Практическая грамматика английского языка.

рр. 182-185, Michael Swan, Practical English Usage. p.68, Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use. pp.152-155, Michael Vince. Advanced Language Practice. p.96, The Heinemann English Grammar. pp.172, 173.

Упражнения
из пособия “Articles” p.16 ex 6C,6D, из пособия “English Grammar Practice”, составители В.М. Павлоцкий, Т.М. Тимофеева, р.23 ех 21, р.24 ех 24 (№№ 2,11,23,24,25,26,27,29,31,32,33,34,35)

7. Stop and Check.

1. ___ chimpanzee is considered to be almost as intelligent as ___ human being.

2. ___ chimpanzee is ___ ape.

3. ___ cat is ___ domestic animal.

4. ___ chimpanzees can easily adjust to strange surroundings.

5. ___ crocodiles and snakes have been killed for their valuable skin.

6. ___ belts, footwear and handbags are made of ___ crocodiles’ and snakes’ skin.

7. ___ chimpanzee is ___ vegetarian.

8. ___ vegetarian is ___ person who doesn’t eat meat.

9. ___ jaguar is ___ wild animal known for ___ unique ability to run at ___ speed of ___ 180km ___ hour.

10. She found ___ job at ___ bank.

11. What ___ great painting! It’s ___ Rubens. I’ve seen ___ copy in ___ Hermitage.

12. If I have ___ cup of ___ coffee I won’t sleep at ___ night.

13. Pass me ___ pepper, please.

14. Mainly ___ women love ___ flowers.

15. ___ Winter Palace is in ___ Palace Square.

16. ___ survived have always remembered ___ brutal repressions and ___ anti-religious campaigns during Stalin’s rule.

17. ___ Pawnbrokers must keep ___ articles safely and can only give ___ article to someone who has got ___ pawn ticket.

18. Today Ulan-Ude is ___ average Siberian town.

1. ___ Strand is ___ busy street.

2. ___ Netherlands is ___ highly-developed country.

3. ___ Russia has recently been visited by ___ Queen of ___ Netherlands.

4. ___ Queen of the United Kingdom is ___ useless figure, though ___ symbol of ___ power.

5. She lives in ___ UK now and works for ___ travel agency.

6. ___ People from ___ Russia often speak ___ fluent English.

7. ___ legislative power in ___ US is vested in ___ Congress.

8. ___ executive power is vested in ___ government.

9. ___ situation in ___ country was beyond ___ tzar’s power.

10. ___ cannibalism is still common in some tribes on ___ African Continent.

11. In 1917 ___ power was seized by ___ Bolsheviks.

12. You have to pay ___ pawnbroker interest on ___ loan, for example one per cent per ___ day or five per cent per ___ week.

13. ___ good Catholic is ___ dead Catholic.

14. ___ Catholics are the most numerous religious group in Spain.

15. During ___ English Civil War, ___ king had to leave London and he moved his government to Oxford.

16. That was between 1642 and 1645 that ___ King Charles I ruled.

17. ___ scientist estimate that more than 1,500 life forms found nowhere else on ___ Earth live in and around ___ Lake Baikal. It’s ___ world’s largest reservour of ___ drinking water.

1. It was ___ useful experience.

2. ___ medical aid from ___ WHO often helps to cure ___ poor people in ___ Third World countries.

3. He is ___ M.P.

4. She is ___ Conservative.

5. They are ___ Liberals.

6. We are ___ Liberal.

7. ___ house was bulldozer in 1977 because it was ___ inconvenient reminder of ___ bloody methods of ___ Communist regime.

8. I didn’t want to spend twenty years in ___ jail.

9. ___ major is expecting you, sir. Make ___ left, then you’ll see the Administration Block.

10. I get to my country cottage first by ___ local train and then by ___ bus.

11. ___ French tourists often complain about ___ English food.

12. I’ve got ___ appointment to see ___ Major Hammond.

13. ___ French like to eat well.

14. ___ Sergeant, I’m ___ insurance claims investigator.

15. The monument to ___ fallen glorifies those who fought on ___ side of ___ Bolsheviks.

16. In ___ 20th
century many canals were unused and some of them became filled with ___ rubbish.

17. This notion refers to ___ past.

18. ___ Laws passed by ___ Congress must be based on ___ Constitution.

19. ___ pneumonia is rather ___ frequent disease nowadays. ___ treatment is based on ___ antibiotics and ___ nourishing food.

1. ___ famous sculptor Donatello could hardly sell his works in ___ beginning.

2. In ___ British English ___ professor is ___ very important teacher at ___ university.

3. ___ policy provided by ___ NATO is often aggressive.

4. ___ major annual event for ___ Russian children used to be ___ month-long stay in ___ summer camp.

5. ___ police officers thanked ___ local girl who stopped ___ million pound robbery.

6. He’s in ___ trouble. ___ police have been looking for him.

7. ___ police have been looking for ___ stolen property.

8. She was held captive for nearly ___ day.

9. ___ body of ___ unidentified man was found floating in ___ Thames.

10. I’ve been waiting for over ___ hour.

11. She married ___ Argentinian and moved to ___ Argentina.

12. ___ monument to ___ Unknown Soldier is in ___ Alexander’s Garden.

13. ___ Love is ___ essence of his poetry.

14. She borrows ___ money only from ___ bank.

15. In 1994 ___ long controversy over what really happened to ___ royal family of Russia was brought to ___ end.

16. ___ canals in England used to carry ___ coal and ___ heavy materials. They join ___ Iriah Sea to ___ north west.

17. ___ Buryats are ___ most numerous of the indigenous population of ___ Baikal region.

18. “Excuse me, - pint of bitter and ___ orange juice.”

19. “For Motherland! For Stalin!” is ___ World War battle cry of ___ Soviet Army.

20. On every bus there are seats for ___ disabled.

1. ___ diplomat is ___ person who can tell you to go to hell in such a way that you actually look forward to ___ trip. Caskie Stinnett
.

2.
___ dog is ___ only thing on earth that loves you more than you love yourself. Josh Billings.

3.
___ optimist is someone who thinks ___ future is uncertain. Anonymous.

4.
___ death is ___ nature’s way of telling you to slow down. Anonymous.

5. I always pass on ___ good advice. It is ___ only thing to do with it. It is never any use to oneself. Oscar Wilde.

6. I love acting. It is so much more real than ___ life. Oscar Wilde.

7.
Nothing illegal if ___ hundred businessmen decide to do it, and that’s true anywhere in ___ world. Andrew Young.

8. Writing about ___ art is like dancing about ___ architecture.

9. Scientific calculations were much slower before the invention of ___ computer.

10. What did people write with before ___ ballpoint?

11. ___ people usually think that ___ babies are sweet and ___ teenagers are annoying.

12. But ___ time between ages thirteen and twenty are ___ years that I like best.

13. ___ spider has eight legs.

14. ___ fax machine is a much faster way of sending letters than ___ post.

15. They made her ___ Manager.

7. Revision.

1. Use the proper forms of the verbs in brackets
.

Identify the use of articles
.

The Winchester Mystery.

One
night Mrs Jouce Boweles 1. (drive) her car from Winchester to Chilcomb with a
friend of the family, Mr Ted Pratt. Suddenly they 2.(see) an
orange light in the
sky. The
car 3. (start) to shake and Mrs. Bowels 4. (can, not) control it. Some unknown power 5. (lift) it, then 6. (push) to the
left, then 7. (stop) the
engine and 8. (switch off) the lights.

“It was then that we 9. (see) a car-shaped object about five yards long. There 10. (be) three figures inside," said Mrs. Bowels. The
three figures 11. (be) the
crew of the
UFO. Mrs. Bowels said that she 12. (be, never) so frightened before.

At first, the alien crew 13. (look) like ordinary people. They 14. (wear) silver clothes. Then the alien 15. (come out) of the UFO. He 16. (be) quite tall and 17. (seem) to be about forty-five years old.

He 18. (have) long faire hair and a short beard. He 19. (put) his arm on
the roof of the car and 20. (look) at the
two frightened people inside. He 21. (have) clear, white skin and pink eyes.

Mrs. Bowels 22. (he afraid) that the alien 23. (kill) them, but he only 24. ( look) at the car's instruments. Suddenly the lights 25.(switch on) and they 26. (shine) four times brighter than normal.

Mrs. Bowels (27 want, say) "Thank you" but before she (28 open) her mouth the UFO and its crew (29 disappear, already) into the
night.

Miss Evans.

One
night in April 1912, a
new ocean liner was crossing the
Atlantic. It 1. (set out) two days before and 2. (go) to New York. It 3. (be) the
largest and fastest ship in the
world called_ Titanic.

The passengers 4. (have) a
good time when the ship suddenly 5. (hit) an
iceberg.

Everyone 6. (tell) to come out of their rooms. Unfortunately there 7. (be, not) enough lifeboats for all the passengers.

There 8. (be, not) very much time left. The iceberg 9. (be) on one side of the ship. It 10. (look) like a high, white wall.

A
woman 11. (come) to the side of the ship. Her two children 12. (be) in the lifeboats, and she 13. (be) very much afraid.

"My children 14. (be) in the lifeboat. I 15. (must, go) with them!" the woman 16. (call) to the people in the lifeboat.

"There's no more room," someone 17. (call out). "If we 18. (take) one more, the lifeboat

19. (sink)."

There 20. (be) a young woman in the lifeboat called Miss Evans. When she 21. (hear) the woman calling, she 22. (stand up) in the lifeboat and 23. (touch) one of the men on the arm.

"Let me 24. (get back) to the ship," she said. "This woman 25. (must, be) with her children."

"The ship 26. (sink). Very soon it 27.(go down) under the water," said the man.

"I 28. (know) it," said Miss Evans.

People 29. (help) her to get back on the ship. Very soon after that there 30. (be) a
great noise, and the
Titanic 31. (go down) under the
water.

A letter from
L
ondon.

Dear Alice,

Hi! I'm on _holiday in London. I 1. (stay) with my friend, Jane. She 2. (live) in th
e
centre of London, near_ Hyde Park.

I 3. (be) here since_ Saturday and I 4. (already, do) lots of things. I 5. (visit) the Tower of London, the
British Museum and Madam Tussaud's.

I 6. (go) to Madam Tussaud's on __ Monday. It 7.(be) terrible. When I 8. (enter) the Chamber of Horrors, I 9. (scream).

Yesterday Jane and I 10. (go) shopping. I 11. (want) to buy some souvenirs. But while I 12. (pay) for a
T-shirt, someone 13. (steal) my bag. Luckily, I 14. (spend, already) nearly all my money.

There 15. (be) a lot of things I 16. (not, do) yet. I 17. (not, be) on a boat trip down the
Thames, yet, I 18. (not, see) the
Millennium Dome.

If the
weather 19. (be) fine tomorrow, I 20. (go) on a
boat trip. I hope Jane 21. (can) keep me company. I 22. (like) London very much. I 23. (never, see) such a
beautiful city. You 24. (must) visit it some day. I 25. (be) back in a
week, so I 26. (call) you then.

Love, Ann.

A sleepless night.

One
night I 1. (be) alone at_ home with my ten-year-old daughter. She 2. (wake) me up in the middle of the night: “Mum, mum! There 3. (be) a man outside the house. He 4. (watch) me through the window!” I 5. (look) out of the window. I 6. (can) see t
he
shape of a man outside. Who 7. (be, he)? What 8. (he, do) there?

«I 9. (must, get) to the
telephone in the hall and telephone the
police,» I 10. (think).

I11. (go) downstairs hardly daring to breathe, afraid that he 12.
(hear) my movements. I 13. (reach) for the telephone, 14. (lift) the receiver and 15. (dial) 999. The police 16. (answer) and I 17. (explain) what 18. (happen). They 19. (say) that they 20. (come) at once.

Soon a police car 21. (stop) in front of the house. I 22. (hurry) downstairs and 23. (open) the front door.

A
police officer 24. (come) in.

“What 25. (happen)?” he 26. (ask).

After listening to my story he 27. (go) out, and after awhile 28. (return). "It's all right," he 29. (say). “I 30 (just, see) that man. He 31. (walk) his dog. By the way, he 32. (live) in the house opposite.”

The Big Sleep.

Philip Marlowe was a
detective, who lived in_ Los Angeles. In the
1930s this was a
tough city, where_ people could
make a lot of money from_ crime. Marlow saw the
dark side of Los Angeles, and he knew that the answers to his questions would
usually be lies.

_General Sternwood was a
very rich man, but he was
old and sick,. and he was having
problems with a
blackmailer. His two daughters were both beautiful and wild. They were in_ trouble, too, and it was all much worse than the
General knew. Could Marlowe do anything to help the
Sternwoods?

The
violent death of Arthur Geiger, a
Hollywood bookseller, has
quickly been followed
by the death of his killer. The police report that Arthur, who owned a popular bookstore on Hollywood Boulevard, was murdered
last night at his home on Laverne Terrace.

Although the reason for Arthur's murder is not known, the
killer, a
man called Joe Brody, was well known to the
police as a
thief. Brody himself, however, lived for less than twenty-four hours after the murder. A young man called Carol Lundgren, who worked at Arthur Geiger's bookstore, went
to Brody’s department late this afternoon and shot
him when he came
to the door. Lundgren has
now been arrested
and has told the police that he killed Brody in_ revenge for the
death of his employer.

A man killed himself last night by driving into the
sea off Lido Pier. Owen Taylor, who worked as a
chauffeur for an old Hollywood oil familv, had
recently been ill
and unhappy. Yesterday_ evening he took a
Buick which belonged to the family, and the car was later found in the
sea with Taylor dead at t
he
wheel.

Black Beauty.

Until he was four years old, Black Beauty lived in a field and was able to gallop (race) around with other young horses. Then he began his training. He had to learn
to wear a saddle on his back and a bridle on his head, with a cold metal bit in his mouth. When he pulled a carriage behind him, he had to wear a heavy collar on his neck and blinkers against his eyes.

He was lucky with his next home. He lived in a
pleasant stable with Merrylegs, a
fat little pony, and Ginger, a
tall brown mare. His new master, John the groom, and James the
stableboy were all kind people.

How I wish I could live
in a field, not a stable! Never to wear harness again or to pull a carriage behind me! To feel soft grass under my feet, and to have the
freedom to gallop where I want, without a heavy rider (saddle) on my back! Why do humans treat us so badly? They care more about fashion than about us. Oh no, she wants the bearing rein shorter today. I can see how tight he' made it on Beauty. No, I won't have it! I'm going to kick my way out of this...

This is ginger, harnessed to a carriage outside Lord Gray's house. York has just shortened the bearing rein on Black Beauty, and is about to do the
same to Ginger, who has decided she can't stand in any longer and is about to kick herself out of the carriage.

Cranford.

There has been
a
terrible accident at the
railway station in Cranford. __Captain Brown was reading a
book while he waited for the down-train, and he suddenly noticed a little girl on the
railway line. The train was coming
into the station, but_Captain Brown quickly jumped onto the line. He saved the little girl's life, but tragically, he fell under the train himsell and was killed.

Captain Brown lived
in Cranford for two years, and worked for the railway company. He left two daughters. He was a
popular and respected person in Cranford society, and he will be
greatly missed
by everybody.

Death of an Englishman.

This man must not go to_ prison. The
Englishman was shot by_ accident; Signor Cipolla is not a
murderer. He had a
terrible life when he was a child because of the
war. His father was killed and his family never had enough to eat. After the
war, he came to Florence and worked as a
cleaner. He got married, but his wife could not have children and this made her very unhappy. Signor Cipolla worked hard to take care of his wife, but then she came very ill. There was nothing that the doctors could do, so Signor Cipolla took a job cleaning the Englishman's flat. She wanted to make enough money to die at_ home with her husband beside her. But the cruel Englishman, who was also a
criminal, never paid her. And Signor Cesarini, who arranged the cleaning job, didn't pay her either. So in the end, Signor Cipolla couldn't stay at_ home with his wife because they needed money to buy medicine for her pain. On the
night that his wife died, a
neighbor gave Signor Cipolla some 'grappa', which made him drunk. He went to see the Englishman, who was angry and took out a
gun. Then he put it down; he hit Signor Cipolla across the
face and called his wife a thief. Signor Cipolla picked up the gun because he wanted to make Langly-Smythe listen to him, not because he wanted to kill him. He aimed the gun at the bedroom door, and when he shot the Englishman, his eyes were shut (closed)!

Desert, Mountain, Sea.

Today Naomi James became the
first woman to sail alone around the
world when she sailed into Dartmouth harbor in the yacht Express Crusader. She was at the end of a
55,000-kilometre journey that lasted nine months and took her east past the
Cape of Good Hope, Australia, New Zealand, and Cape Horn.

The
worst moment of her voyage came in_ February when her boat capsized and a lot of equipment was broken. She was
only able
to sleep for an
hour or two at a
time, but she decided to go on with her voyage.

Naomi was met
at Dartmouth by her parents, her sister Juliet, and her husband Rob, whom she had
seen
a
month before, near the
Azores. She had spoken to him often by radio telephone since she left Britain last September.

As the Express Crucader, surrounded by many other boats, big and small, sailed into harbor,

hundreds of people and reporters were waiting to welcome Naomi home.

Существительное. Noun.

План прохождения темы:

1. Основные способы образования существительных.

Классификация существительных.

2. Категория рода, числа и падежа у существительных.

3. Упражнения для повторения, грамматического анализа и контроля.

1. Making nouns. (Образование существительных)

1. We use some words only as nouns: e.g. table, bird.

2. However, we often make nouns from other words by adding different endings or suffixes: -er, -or, -ar, -an, -al, -ant, -ance, -ce, -ian, -ist, -ity, -ety, -cy, -y, -ment, iour, -ledge, -ion, -ness, -hood, -dom, -ful, -ism.

E.g. player
, actor
, trial
, attendant
, attendance
, librarian
, pianist
, ability
, anxiety
, constancy
, agreement
, behaviour
, knowledge
, admission
, laziness
, childhood
, freedom
, mouthful
, sexism
.

Nouns can be made from verbs, adjectives, other nouns.

3. Some nouns have the same form as verbs: act, blame, book, cost, fear, kiss, try, walk, wish.

4. Some nouns have the same form as verbs, but the stress is on the first syllable: to progress - ‘progress, to permit - ‘permit, to record - ‘record.

The meanings can be quite different: to entrance - entrance, to present - ‘present, to object - object.

5. There are compound nouns in English that are formed from:

- noun + noun
(bathroom, lampshade, seashore, mountain plants, furniture shop, coffee beans, fruit drink, bicycle factory, head-master, the evening news)

- noun + noun
structures used in measurements, with a number before the first noun (a five-litre can, a ten-pound note, a three-mile walk, a five-day course)

- In fractions
, the plural-s is not dropped (a two-thirds share)

- In measurements
of time the plural with s’ is often used to say how long things last (three hours’ journey, twenty minutes’ delay)

-We use the possessive’s to talk about several different sorts of ideas: for example possession (my father’s house, the Atkinsons’ house), relationship (Mary’s brother), physical features and characteristics (the earth’s gravity), non-physical qualities and measurement (the plan’s importance, the government’s decision, the prisoner’s release), parts of people’s and animals’ bodies (a man’s leg, an elephant’s trunk), products from living animals (cow’s milk, lamb’s wool, snake’s poison).

but: - when the animal is killed to provide something, we use noun + noun
(chicken soup, fox fur, tortoise shell)

- when we talk about parts of non-living things, we use noun + noun (t
he car door, a table leg)

Упражнения:
пособие ‘Noun’ (p. 1ex. 1A, 1B; p. 2ex. 1C, 1D; p. 2ex. 2B)

Сlassification of nouns

All nouns can be divided into:

proper names
and common names

(имена собственные) (нарицательные)

Asia, Elizabeth

countable nouns
uncountable nouns

(исчисляемые) (неисчисляемые)

continent, idea, effort sand, fuel, progress

Gender
(Poд)

The category of the gender is semantic
(семантическая) in English.

There are three gender: masculine gender (мужской род) E.g. husband, sailor, boy, hephew. They can be replaced by the pronoun he; feminine gender (женский род) E.g. girl, niece, cow, hen. They can be replaced by the pronoun she
;
all other nouns are considered to be of neuter gender (средний род) E.g. box, table, opinion, pride. They can be replaced by the pronoun it.

The gender of such nouns as cousin, friend, teacher, politician etc. can be defined by the context.

The gender can be shown in the noun structure, itself.

host - hostess, actor - actress, tiger - tigress, a he-wolf - a she-wolf, duke - duchess, hero - heroine, monk - nun, prince - princess, widower - widow.

Some uncountable nouns can never be countable. This means we cannot: use a/an in front of them, give them a plural.

(advice, clothing, furniture, homework, jewellery, lightning, thunder, weather, scenery, traffic, shopping, luggage, rubbish, progress, money, news, soap, spaghetti)

Traditionally, the nouns ship, boat, car