МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ВСЕРОССИЙСКИЙ ЗАОЧНЫЙ ФИНАНСОВО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ БУДУЩИХ ЭКОНОМИСТОВ
Учебно-методическое пособие
Для студентов I курса, обучающихся
по направлениям 521600 «Менеджмент» (бакалавр),
521600 «Экономика» (бакалавр)
МОСКВА 2011
Учебно-методическое пособие составил:
специалист по УМР Галанов Н.В.
Учебно-методическое издание одобрено на заседании
Научно-методического совета ВЗФЭИ
Проректор, председатель НМС, профессор Д.М. Дайитбегов
Содержание
Введение………………………………………………………………………...…5
Unit 1. Organisational structure …………………………………………...………6
Part 1…………………………………………………………………………..6
Part 2…………………………………………………………………………..8
Part 3……………………………………………………………………...….10
Unit 2. Microeconomics ……………………………………………….…………11
Part 1……………………………………………………………………..…..11
Part 2………………………………………………………………………....13
Part 3………………………………………………………………………....15
Unit 3. Supply and demand ………………………………………………………16
Part 1………………………………………………………………………....16
Part 2……………………………………………………………………..…..19
Part 3………………………………………………………………………....21
Unit 4. Market failure ……………………………………………………….……22
Part 1……………………………………………………………………..…..22
Part 2………………………………………………………………………....24
Part 3……………………………………………………………………...….26
Unit 5. Budget…………………………………………………………………….27
Part 1………………………………………………………………….……..27
Part 2…………………………………………………………………….…..29
Part 3………………………………………………………………………...31
Unit 6. Monetary policy ……………………………………………………….…32
Part 1………………………………………………………………………...32
Part 2………………………………………………………………………...34
Part 3……………………………………………………………………..….36
Unit 7. Inflation………………………………………………………………...…37
Part 1………………………………………………………………….……..37
Part 2………………………………………………………………………...39
Part 3……………………………………………………………………..….71
Unit 8. Marketing and sales ………………………………………………………42
Part 1………………………………………………………………………....42
Part 2………………………………………………………………………....44
Part 3……………………………………………………………………...….47
Unit 9. Price…………………………………………………………………….…48
Part 1………………………………………………………………..………..48
Part 2………………………………………………………………………...50
Part 3………………………………………………………………………...53
Unit 10. Market………………………………………………………………...…54
Part 1………………………………………………………………….……..54
Part 2…………………………………………………………………….…..56
Part 3………………………………………………………………………...58
Полезные фразы для написания письма……………………………………….59
Словарь………………………………………………………………………..….64
Список литературы………………………………………………………..…….70
Введение
Пособие разработано на основе современных аутентичных материалов и является профессионально ориентированным. Особое внимание уделяется экономической лексике.
В пособии приводятся упражнения на развитие таких видов речевой деятельности как говорение, аудирование, чтение и письмо. В конце пособия приведены полезные фразы для написания письма, а также словарь экономических терминов. При выполнении заданий, следует использовать указанные компьютерные обучающие программы, приведенные в списке литературы.
После прочтения текста и его обсуждения требуется высказать собственное мнение по содержанию текста. В упражнениях использованы слова для активного усвоения.
Данное учебно-методическое пособие может быть использовано как при работе в аудитории, так и для дистанционного обучения и индивидуальной работы.
Пособие может быть использовано на занятиях по английскому языку на 1 курсе бакалавриата.
Unit 1
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
1. Organisational structure
Every organisation made up of more than one person will need some form of organisational structure.
The way in which a company is organised can be illustrated for a packaging company. The company will be owned by shareholders that choose directors to look after their interests. The directors then appoint managers to run the business on a day-to-day basis. The Managing Director has the major responsibility for running of the company, including setting company targets and keeping an eye on all departments.
The Distribution Manager is responsible for controlling the movement of goods in and out of the warehouse, supervising drivers and overseeing the transport of goods to and from the firm.
The Production Manager is responsible for keeping a continuous supply of work flowing to all production staff and also for organising manpower to meet the customers' orders.
The Sales Manager is responsible for making contact with customers and obtaining orders from those contacts.
The Company Accountant controls all the financial dealings of the company and is responsible for producing management accounts and financial reports. Other organisations will have different structures. For example most organisations will have a marketing department responsible for market research and marketing planning. A customer services department will look after customer requirements. A human resources department will be responsible for recruitment and selection of new employees, employee motivation and a range of other people focused activities. In addition there will be a number of cross-functional areas such as administration and Information Technology departments that service the functional areas of the company. These departments will provide back up support and training.
Organisations are structured in different ways:
1. by function as described above,
2. by regional area - a geographical structure e.g. with a marketing manager North, marketing manager South etc.,
3. by product e.g. marketing manager crisps, marketing manager drinks, etc.,
4. into work teams, etc.,
Reporting in organisations often takes place down the line. An employee might be accountable to a supervisor, who is accountable to a junior manager, who is then accountable to a senior manager - communication and instructions can then be passed down the line.
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. shareholder | a. someone whose job is to manage part or all of a company or other organization |
| 2. market | b. someone who owns shares in a company or business |
| 3. accountant | c. the job of hiring people |
| 4. recruitment | d. a place to buy and sell things |
| 5. manager | e. someone whose job is to keep and check financial accounts |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.
| 1. руководитель отдела продаж | 6. назначать |
| 2. начальник отдела сбыта | 7. отдел информационных технологий |
| 3. рабочая группа | 8. отдел обслуживания клиентов |
| 4. руководитель отдела маркетинга | 9. начальник производственного отдела |
| 5. акционер | 10. получать заказы |
3. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык.
| 1. provide back up support | 6. organisational structure |
| 2. employee | 7. work teams |
| 3. senior manager | 8. shareholder |
| 4. junior manager | 9. human resources department |
| 5. set company targets | 10. market research |
4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. …….controls all the financial dealings of the company.
a) Senior Manager b) Accountant c) Sales Manager
2. The ……. is responsible for keeping a continuous supply of work flowing to all production staff.
a) Production Manager b) Sales Manager c) Distribution Manager
3. The ……. has the major responsibility for running of the company.
a) Distribution Manager b) Managing Director c) Production Manager
4. A human resources department is responsible for recruitment of new ……..
a) employers b) directors c) employees
5. A marketing department is responsible for ………
a) recruitment b) market research c) promotion
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is organizational structure?
2. Who are directors chosen by?
3. What is the function of a human resources department?
4. What are the main departments needed for a company to function properly?
5. What department is responsible for servicing the functional areas of the company?
6. Выполните КОПР №2 «Группа времен Simple», подтемы «Настоящее простое (Present Simple)», «Прошедшее простое (Past Simple)».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
May I take a message? – Могу я что-либо передать?
software products – программные изделия
after-sales service – гарантийное и постгарантийное обслуживание
2. Прослушайте текст «Business Communications» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания: http://esl-lab.com/tc1/tc1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. Why can't Elaine Strong answer the phone?
A. She's in a meeting
B. She's out of the office
C. She's talking with another customer
2. What does caller want the secretary to send?
A. information on after-sales service
B. a picture of the newest computers
C. a list of software products
3. What time should the secretary send the material?
A. 2:30 PM
B. 3:30 PM
C. 5:00 PM
4. What is the caller's name?
A. Cordell
B. Kordel
C. Kordell
5. What is the caller's telephone number?
A. 560-1287
B. 560-1828
C. 560-2187
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. An automobile company decides to open a new dealership in a foreign country. The manager is asked to choose all the possible positions and vacancies for a new dealership. What staff should be hired, what departments should be established?
2. You are an applicant at the interview applying for a position of human resources manager at a clothes shop. You are asked to enumerate the responsibilities of a distribution manager, production manager, sales manager and an accountant. What responsibilities can you mention?
3. Do you think working abroad is essential for a successful career? Why / Why not?
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Ответьте на письмо, используя нижеприведенные задания. Используйте раздел «Полезные фразы для написания письма» приведенный в конце пособия.При написании ответа используйте нижеприведенное письмо в качестве образца.
You are a Director of Sales department. One of your salesmen sent you a request for promotion to the position of a sales manager. Your task is:
a) thank Mr. Watkins for his letter;
b) express Mr. Watkins the idea that you agree with his request to promote him to the position of a sales manager and give reasons for that;
c) settle the time for meeting in order to discuss all the details.
REQUEST FOR PROMOTION 17.01.2011 Tom Wilson Electronics ltd. 12 South Street, Sheffield, UK125367 Dear Mr. Wilson, As you know, I am very happy to work and contribute to Electronics ltd. under your authority. Allow me to mention an opportunity I see for greater profits. I'm confident that you will agree that my efforts as your salesman have been successful to the company; my sales in dollars for the past year were roughly $425,000, which far surpassed the $250,000 goal we anticipated at our year-end meeting twelve months ago.I would like you to know that I believe I can be of even more benefit to you and Electronics ltd. as your Sales Manager. Having had four years of experience in selling our computer software, I have gained a clear idea as to what our customers' needs are and how we can meet them. I know how we can increase sales dramatically and I can inspire our sales team to do precisely that. As your Sales Manager, I truly believe that we can achieve in excess of $10,000,000 in sales by the year 2012. I understand that you are a very busy person. I will thus be delighted to meet with you at any time you please to discuss my request. Cordially, Dave Watkins |
Unit 2
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
2. Microeconomics
Microeconomics, like macroeconomics, is a fundamental method for analyzing the economy as a system. It treats households and firms interacting through individual markets as irreducible elements of the economy, given scarcity and government regulation. A market might be for a product, say fresh corn, or the services of a factor of production, say bricklaying. The theory considers aggregates of quantity demanded by buyers and quantity supplied by sellers at each possible price per unit. It combines these together to describe how the market may reach equilibrium as to price and quantity or respond to market changes over time.
Such analysis includes the theory of supply and demand. It also examines market structures, such as perfect competition and monopoly for implications as to behavior and economic efficiency. Analysis of change in a single market often proceeds from the simplifying assumption that relations in other markets remain unchanged, that is, partial-equilibrium analysis. General-equilibrium theory allows for changes in different markets and aggregates across all markets, including their movements and interactions toward equilibrium.
Here economists distinguish between Production theory, Opportunity cost, Economic efficiency, and Production-possibility frontier.
In microeconomics, production is the conversion of inputs into outputs. It is an economic process that uses inputs to create a commodity for exchange or direct use. Production is a flow and thus a rate of output per period of time. Distinctions include such production alternatives as for consumption (food, haircuts, etc.) vs. investment goods (new tractors, buildings, roads, etc.), public goods (national defense, small-pox vaccinations, etc.) or private goods (new computers, bananas, etc.), and "guns" vs. "butter".
Opportunity cost refers to the economic cost of production: the value of the next best opportunity foregone. Choices must be made between desirable yet mutually exclusive actions. It has been described as expressing "the basic relationship between scarcity and choice.". The opportunity cost of an activity is an element in ensuring that scarce resources are used efficiently, such that the cost is weighed against the value of that activity in deciding on more or less of it. Opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs but could be measured by the real cost of output forgone, leisure, or anything else that provides the alternative benefit.
Inputs used in the production process include such primary factors of production as labour services, capital (durable produced goods used in production, such as an existing factory), and land (including natural resources). Other inputs may include intermediate goods used in production of final goods, such as the steel in a new car.
Economic efficiency describes how well a system generates desired output with a given set of inputs and available technology. Efficiency is improved if more output is generated without changing inputs, or in other words, the amount of "waste" is reduced. A widely-accepted general standard is Pareto efficiency, which is reached when no further change can make someone better off without making someone else worse off.
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. market | a. a situation in which there is not enough of something |
| 2. scarcity | b. the act of buying and using products |
| 3. goods | c. the process of making or growing things to be sold |
| 4. consumption | d. the place where people buy and sell goods |
| 5. production | e. things that are produced in order to be sold |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.
| 1. редкие ресурсы | 6. оптимальные издержки |
| 2. факторы производства | 7. государственное регулирование |
| 3. спрос и предложение | 8. совершенная конкуренция |
| 4. предел производственных возможностей | 9. экономическая эффективность |
| 5. равновесие | 10. вмененные потери |
3. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык.
| 1. production theory | 6. mutually exclusive actions |
| 2. inputs and outputs | 7. market changes |
| 3. goods and services | 8. real cost |
| 4. monopoly | 9. buyers and sellers |
| 5. market structure | 10. public goods |
4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. A fundamental method for analyzing the economy as a system is …….
a) government regulation b) microeconomics c) production theory
2. Labour services, capital and land are called ……..
a) production process b) costs c) factors of production
3. The market may reach ……….. when price and quantity balance.
a) equilibrium b) balance c) equation
4. ………. is the conversion of inputs into outputs.
a) distribution b) consumption c) production
5. …….. include new buildings, trucks, roads, etc.
a) investment goods b) public goods c) private goods
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is microeconomics?
2. What does economic efficiency describe?
3. What is production?
4. How can a market reach equilibrium?
5. What do factors of production include?
6. Выполните КОПР №2 «Группа времен Simple», подтема «Будущее простое время (Present Simple)».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
queue – очередь
be under warranty – быть на гарантийном обслуживании
be at wit's end – быть в тупике
ultimate – последний, окончательный
2. Прослушайте текст «Computer Sales and Repairs» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания: http://esl-lab.com/computer/computer-rd1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. What is the man's main problem with his computer?
A. It crashes a lot
B. His computer has a virus
C. It has a lot of junk software
2. What is the issue with the computer warranty?
A. The warranty has expired since he bought the computer
B. The warranty isn't valid because didn't register the computer
C. The warranty doesn't cover software issues and problems
3. What can we infer from the first company's response to the caller?
A. They sent the man the wrong computer in the first place
B. The company doesn't provide warranties for their products
C. They are understaffed to handle customer complaints
4. Which of the following is a main selling point for the second company being advertised?
A. Their products are the newest on the market
B. The computers are cheaper than those sold by competitors
C. The company manufactures secure and trustworthy machines
5. What is the name of the second company?
A. Turbo Command
B. Turvo Computers
C. Turban Camando
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. What everyday problems do people who work at finance departments of international companies have?
2. How often do you work on a computer? How does computer help you at your work / study?
3. What are some common computer problems that people encounter when running their machines, and what issues can cause them? When you encounter such problems, what do you do to resolve them: seek help from a friend, consult a computer store, or read a computer book or magazine?
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Напишите письмо-приглашение используя нижеприведенные задания. Используйте раздел «Полезные фразы для написания письма» приведенный в конце пособия.
You are a Chief Executive Officer of Welldone Computer Corporation. On 12.06.2011 your company holds a business conference dedicated to the issues of Computer Technologies in Economics.
a) write an invitation letter to your partner Jack Halary who works for CompUtair ltd. as a Financial Director;
b) ask him to take part in the conference;
c) express your hope for the future cooperation.
Unit 3
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
3. Supply and demand
The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and demand. The graph depicts an increase (that is, right-shift) in demand from D1 to D2 along with the consequent increase in price and quantity required to reach a new equilibrium point on the supply curve (S).
Prices and quantities have been described as the most directly observable attributes of goods produced and exchanged in a market economy. The theory of supply and demand is an organizing principle for explaining how prices coordinate the amounts produced and consumed. In microeconomics, it applies to price and output determination for a market with perfect competition, which includes the condition of no buyers or sellers large enough to have price-setting power.
For a given market of a commodity, demand is the relation of the quantity that all buyers would be prepared to purchase at each unit price of the good. Demand is often represented by a table or a graph showing price and quantity demanded (as in the figure). Demand theory describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good, given income, prices, tastes, etc. A term for this is 'constrained utility maximization' (with income and wealth as the constraints on demand). Here, utility refers to the hypothesized relation of each individual consumer for ranking different commodity bundles as more or less preferred.
The law of demand states that, in general, price and quantity demanded in a given market are inversely related. That is, the higher the price of a product, the less of it people would be prepared to buy of it (other things unchanged). As the price of a commodity falls, consumers move toward it from relatively more expensive goods (the substitution effect). In addition, purchasing power from the price decline increases ability to buy (the income effect). Other factors can change demand; for example an increase in income will shift the demand curve for a normal good outward relative to the origin, as in the figure.
Supply is the relation between the price of a good and the quantity available for sale at that price. It may be represented as a table or graph relating price and quantity supplied. Producers, for example business firms, are hypothesized to be profit-maximizers, meaning that they attempt to produce and supply the amount of goods that will bring them the highest profit. Supply is typically represented as a directly-proportional relation between price and quantity supplied (other things unchanged). That is, the higher the price at which the good can be sold, the more of it producers will supply, as in the figure. The higher price makes it profitable to increase production. Just as on the demand side, the position of the supply can shift, say from a change in the price of a productive input or a technical improvement.
Market equilibrium occurs where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, the intersection of the supply and demand curves in the figure above. At a price below equilibrium, there is a shortage of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded. This is posited to bid the price up. At a price above equilibrium, there is a surplus of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded. This pushes the price down. The model of supply and demand predicts that for given supply and demand curves, price and quantity will stabilize at the price that makes quantity supplied equal to quantity demanded. Similarly, demand-and-supply theory predicts a new price-quantity combination from a shift in demand (as to the figure), or in supply.
For a given quantity of a consumer good, the point on the demand curve indicates the value, or marginal utility, to consumers for that unit. It measures what the consumer would be prepared to pay for that unit. The corresponding point on the supply curve measures marginal cost, the increase in total cost to the supplier for the corresponding unit of the good. The price in equilibrium is determined by supply and demand. In a perfectly competitive market, supply and demand equate marginal cost and marginal utility at equilibrium.
Other applications of demand and supply include the distribution of income among the factors of production, including labour and capital, through factor markets. In a competitive labour market for example the quantity of labour employed and the price of labour (the wage rate) depends on the demand for labour (from employers for production) and supply of labour (from potential workers).
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. producer | a. the idea that the price of goods and services depends on how much of something is being sold and how many people want to buy it |
| 2. surplus | b. the usefulness of something |
| 3. supply and demand | c. more than is needed |
| 4. labour | d. a company, country or person that makes goods |
| 5. utility | e. practical work, especially that which involves physical effort |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.
| 1. рыночная экономика | 6. рыночное равновесие |
| 2. предельная полезность | 7. факторы производства |
| 3. рынок труда | 8. эффект замещения |
| 4. предельная стоимость | 9. закон спроса |
| 5. рынок с совершенной конкуренцией | 10. распределение доходов |
3. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык.
| 1. demand-and-supply theory | 6. profit-maximizers |
| 2. demand for labour | 7. purchasing power |
| 3. income effect | 8. perfect competition |
| 4. product availability | 9. law of demand |
| 5. normal good | 10. supply curve |
4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. ……… describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good, given income, prices, tastes, etc.
a) supply theory b) market equilibrium c) demand theory
2. The point on the demand curve indicates ………. to consumers for a given customer good.
a) marginal utility b) supply c) perfect competition
3. The quantity of labour employed and the price of labour (the wage rate) depends on the ………..
a) purchasing power b) demand for labour c) income effect
4. The …………. describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and demand.
a) normal good b) demand for labour c) supply and demand model
5. Producers, for example business firms, are hypothesized to be ………….
a) market b) profit-maximizers c) consumers
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What does the supply and demand model describe?
2. What do factors of production include?
3. When does market equilibrium occur?
4. What does demand theory describe?
5. What are profit-maximizers?
6. Выполните КОПР №3 «Группа времен Progressive (Continuous)», подтемы «Особенности правописания», «Употребление».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
literacy – грамотность
deadline – конечный срок
apply – подавать заявление
2. Прослушайте текст «English Language Center» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания: http://esl-lab.com/elc/elcrd1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. Which was NOT mentioned as part of the purpose of the English Language Center?
A. to help international students prepare to enter institutions of higher learning
B. to teach students how to use English in their daily lives and at work
C. to provide work opportunities for graduating students in the community
2. What is one course taught at the English Language Center?
A. business English
B. US Culture
C. TOEFL
3. If the Fall semester begins on August 29th, by what date should one apply to the program?
A. May 29th
B. June 29th
C. July 29th
4. What is the tuition for a full-time student?
A. $2030
B. $2300
C. $2013
5. Which one was NOT mentioned as part of the application packet a student must send to the center?
A. sponsorship form
B. high school transcripts
C. application fee
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. Tell in a few words what the theory of demand and supply is.
2. Imagine you are a Product Manager of a computer corporation. Two years ago the goods of your company were sold in large amount on the market. Now your sales are very poor. Think what you can do to increase sales.
3. How do you understand the expression “Where there is demand, there is supply”?
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Ответьте на нижеприведенное письмо. Используйте раздел «Полезные фразы для написания письма» приведенный в конце пособия.
05.02.2011 Sergey SakharovRusInvestment ltd. 12 Prospect Mira, Moscow, Russia, 425450 Dear Mr. Sakharov, We are glad to send you the information on the forthcoming Detroit Auto Show exhibition that will take place on 11 - 24 March 2011 upon your request (see the attached file). You will have opportunity to see new models and concept cars and make investments to develop concept cars for future sale. Please let us know if you would like to take part in this event so that we could send you the invitation letter to get the visa ready and book a room at the hotel. Also we would like to you to let us know what group discussion you would like to take part in: - Investment in Concept Cars; - Investment in Car Market; - Hybrid Automobiles Investment; Best regards, Stuart Field Chiefe Executive of Detroit Auto Show 16 West Street, Detroit, USA 546789 |
Unit 4
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
4. Market failure
Pollution can be a simple example of market failure. If costs of production are not borne by producers but are by the environment, accident victims or others, then prices are distorted.
The term "market failure" encompasses several problems which may undermine standard economic assumptions. Although economists categorise market failures differently, the following categories emerge in the main texts.
Natural monopoly, or the overlapping concepts of "practical" and "technical" monopoly, is an extreme case of failure of competition as a restraint on producers. The problem is described as one where the more of a product is made, the greater the unit costs are. This means it only makes economic sense to have one producer.
Information asymmetries arise where one party has more or better information than the other. The existence of information asymmetry gives rise to problems such as moral hazard, and adverse selection, studied in contract theory. The economics of information has relevance in many fields, including finance, insurance, contract law, and decision-making under risk and uncertainty.
Incomplete markets is a term used for a situation where buyers and sellers do not know enough about each other's positions to price goods and services properly. Based on George Akerlof's article, the paradigm example is of a dodgy second hand car market. Customers without the possibility to know for certain whether they are buying a "lemon" will push the average price down below what a good quality second hand car would be. In this way, prices may not reflect true values.
Public goods are goods which are undersupplied in a typical market. The defining features are that people can consume public goods without having to pay for them and that more than one person can consume the good at the same time.
Externalities occur where there are significant social costs or benefits from production or consumption that are not reflected in market prices. For example, air pollution may generate a negative externality, and education may generate a positive externality (less crime, etc.). Governments often tax and otherwise restrict the sale of goods that have negative externalities and subsidize or otherwise promote the purchase of goods that have positive externalities in an effort to correct the price distortions caused by these externalities. Elementary demand-and-supply theory predicts equilibrium but not the speed of adjustment for changes of equilibrium due to a shift in demand or supply.
In many areas, some form of price stickiness is postulated to account for quantities, rather than prices, adjusting in the short run to changes on the demand side or the supply side. This includes standard analysis of the business cycle in macroeconomics. Analysis often revolves around causes of such price stickiness and their implications for reaching a hypothesized long-run equilibrium. Examples of such price stickiness in particular markets include wage rates in labour markets and posted prices in markets deviating from perfect competition.
Macroeconomic instability, addressed below, is a prime source of market failure, whereby a general loss of business confidence or external shock can grind production and distribution to a halt, undermining ordinary markets that are otherwise sound.
Some specialised fields of economics deal in market failure more than others. The economics of the public sector is one example, since where markets fail, some kind of regulatory or government programme is the remedy. Much environmental economics concerns externalities or "public bads".
Policy options include regulations that reflect cost-benefit analysis or market solutions that change incentives, such as emission fees or redefinition of property rights.
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. insurance | a. money provided by a bank or other institution to help buy or do something |
| 2. finance | b. protection against something bad happening |
| 3. decision-making | c. someone who buys goods or services |
| 4. customer | d. an advantage, improvement, or help that you get from something |
| 5. benefit | e. the process of making important decisions |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.
| 1. рыночная цена | 6. внешние факторы экономической деятельности |
| 2. совершенная конкуренция | 7. естественная монополия |
| 3. государственный сектор | 8. рыночная неэффективность |
| 4. негибкость цены | 9. несовершенный рынок |
| 5. общественные товары (блага) | 10. издержки производства |
3. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык.
| 1. external shock | 6. business cycle |
| 2. macroeconomic instability | 7. undermine markets |
| 3. wage rates | 8. consumption |
| 4. information asymmetry | 9. restraint on producers |
| 5. second hand car market | 10. good quality |
4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. ………… is a situation where buyers and sellers do not know enough about each other's positions to price goods and services properly.
a) business cycle b) competition c) incomplete market
2. …………. occur where there are significant social costs or benefits from production or consumption that are not reflected in market prices.
a) emission fees b) externalities c) wage rates
3. ……… is a prime source of market failure.
a) macroeconomic instability b) consumption c) restraint on producers
4. ………. arise where one party has more or better information than the other.
a) information asymmetries b) external shocks c) restraint on producers
5. ………… are goods which are undersupplied in a typical market.
a) private goods b) personal goods c) public goods
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. When does market failure happen?
2. What is information asymmetry?
3. What is cost-benefit analysis?
4. What are public goods?
5. What is incomplete market?
6. Выполните КОПР №3 «Группа времен Progressive (Continuous)», подтемы «Present Progressive (Continuous) Tense», «Past Progressive (Continuous) Tense».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
break even - не приносить ни прибыли, ни убытка
throw in – добавлять, вставлять
2. Прослушайте текст «Street Market» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания: http://esl-lab.com/flea/fleard1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. Why did the man not buy the ring for sale?
A. He doesn't think it is very special
B. Someone else bought it before him
C. He has no need for a ring
D. The ring is too small
2. What is the problem with the CD player?
A. The buttons are scratched
B. The CD casing is chipped
C. The handle is damaged
D. The display is loose
3. The man is not interested in the leather jacket because:
A. it is stainedB. he already has one
C. its too expensiveD. the seams are coming undone
4. What is the customer's initial counter offer for the records?
A. $25
B. $28
C. $30
D. $35
5. From the conversation, what does the customer probably purchase from the merchant in the end?
A. only records
B. only a vase
C. some records and a vase
D. nothing
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. What is a market? What other meanings does this word have?
2. What is market economy? Is Russia a market economy?
3. Imagine you are a product manager of a fast food company. Your company possesses 5% of the fast food industry market share. What can you do to increase your market share?
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Напишите письмо-подтверждение на нижеприведенное письмо. Используйте раздел «Полезные фразы для написания письма» приведенный в конце пособия.
You have received goods from your supplier.
a) write confirmation letter;
b) confirm receiving the goods;
c) thank Mr. Farley for goods delivery.
16th March 2010 The Secretary Security Inc. 15, South Street, New-York, USA Dear Mr. Williams, In accordance with our shipment agreement we have delivered 300 units of our surveillance cameras on 18.04.2011. Please confirm receiving the purchases upon delivery. Best regards, Nick Farley |
Unit 5
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
5. Budget
The process of calculating the costs of starting a small business begins with a list of all necessary purchases including tangible assets (for example, equipment, inventory) and services (for example, remodeling, insurance), working capital, sources and collateral. The budget should contain a narrative explaining how you decided on the amount of this reserve and a description of the expected financial results of business activities. The assets should be valued with each and every cost. All other expenses are like labour factory overhead all freshmen expenses are also included into business budgeting.
The budget of a company is often compiled annually, but may not be. A finished budget, usually requiring considerable effort, is a plan for the short-term future, typically one year. While traditionally the Finance department compiles the company's budget, modern software allows hundreds or even thousands of people in various departments (operations, human resources, IT, etc.) to list their expected revenues and expenses in the final budget.
If the actual figures delivered through the budget period come close to the budget, this suggests that the managers understand their business and have been successfully driving it in the intended direction. On the other hand, if the figures diverge wildly from the budget, this sends an 'out of control' signal, and the share price could suffer as a result.
A budget is a fundamental tool for an event director to predict with reasonable accuracy whether the event will result in a profit, a loss or will break-even. A budget can also be used as a pricing tool.
There are two basic approaches or philosophies when it comes to budgeting. One approach focuses on mathematical models, and the other on people.
The first school of thought believes that financial models, if properly constructed, can be used to predict the future. The focus is on variables, inputs and outputs, drivers and the like. Investments of time and money are devoted to perfecting these models, which are typically held in some type of financial spreadsheet application.
The other school of thought holds that it’s not about models, it’s about people. No matter how sophisticated models can get, the best information comes from the people in the business. The focus is therefore in engaging the managers in the business more fully in the budget process, and building accountability for the results. The companies that adhere to this approach have their managers develop their own budgets. While many companies would say that they do both, in reality the investment of time and money falls squarely in one approach or the other.
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. purchase | a. property or other goods that you promise to give someone if you cannot pay back the money they lend you |
| 2. collateral | b. the things that a company owns |
| 3. assets | c. something you buy, or the act of buying it |
| 4. budget | d. the amount of money that you have to pay in order to buy, do, or produce something |
| 5. costs | e. the money that is available to an organization or person, or a plan of how it will be spent |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.
| 1. материальные активы | 6. переменная |
| 2. подотчетность | 7. курс (цена) акции |
| 3. механизм ценообразования | 8. расходы |
| 4. выручка | 9. финансовый отдел |
| 5. оборотный (рабочий) капитал | 10. составление бюджета |
3. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык.
| 1. to predict with reasonable accuracy | 6. financial models |
| 2. overhead expenses | 7. human resources department |
| 3. business budgeting | 8. financial spreadsheet |
| 4. mathematical models | 9. inputs and outputs |
| 5. profit | 10. compile budget |
4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. The budget of a company is usually compiled ………..
a) every week b) every month c) annually
2. ……… is a fundamental tool to predict with reasonable accuracy whether the event will result in a profit, a loss or will break-even.
a) budget b) financial model c) overhead expense
3. Traditionally the ……….. compiles the company's budget.
a) manager b) accountant c) Finance department
4. When a company owns some material things they are called ………
a) liabilities b) tangible assets c) intangible assets
5. The managers involved in the budget process have …………….
a) responsibility b) duties c) accountability
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is a budget?
2. What should the budget contain?
3. Who compiles the budget?
4. What two basic approaches are used in budgeting?
5. How often is budget compiled?
6. Выполните КОПР №4 «Перфектная группа времен (Perfect Tenses)», подтемы «Настоящее совершенное время (Present Perfect Tense)», «Vocabulary».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
dough – деньги (сленг)
spend yourself in a hole – слишком много тратить
sky-high – очень дорогой
2. Прослушайте текст «A Student Credit Card» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания: http://esl-lab.com/credit/creditcardrd1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. According to the conversation, which item did the woman NOT purchase with her credit card?
A. a digital camera
B. a TV
C. a stereo
2. What is one reason to explain why the woman obtained a student credit card?
A. She wants to buy things at a discount using the card
B. She hopes to establish a good credit rating
C. She doesn't want to borrow from her parents
3. According to the man, what is one reason for NOT having a credit card?
A. People generally have a difficult time getting out of debt
B. Students often apply for more credit cards than they need
C. The interest rates on student cards are very high
4. What does the woman imply about how she plans on resolving her credit card problems?
A. She hopes that someone will give her the money
B. She plans on getting rid of her student credit cards
C. She is going to return the items she purchased on the card
5. What is the man going to do for the woman to help her manage her money?
A. help her find a better paying job to cover her expenses
B. teach her how to prepare a financial management plan
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. Imagine you are a Chief Financial Officer of an airline company. What main income and expenses of your company budget can you innumerate?
2. Do you plan your personal budget / family budget? What are the usual items of your budget?
3. Do you often use a credit card to buy goods? Why / Why not? Are credit cards popular in Russia?
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Напишите письмо-жалобу используя нижеприведенные задания. Используйте раздел «Полезные фразы для написания письма» приведенный в конце пособия.
You bought a lap-top computer. In three months your computer broke down but you have a warranty period of one year. You gave in the computer to the Service Department. You were promised to get your computer ready within 2 weeks but in 2 months you still did not get your lap-top computer. Write complain letter to the company Computer International for Mr. Stratton.
Unit 6
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
6. Monetary policy
Monetary policy rests on the relationship between the rates of interest in an economy, that is, the price at which money can be borrowed, and the total supply of money. Monetary policy uses a variety of tools to control one or both of these, to influence outcomes like economic growth, inflation, exchange rates with other currencies and unemployment. Where currency is under a monopoly of issuance, or where there is a regulated system of issuing currency through banks which are tied to a central bank, the monetary authority has the ability to alter the money supply and thus influence the interest rate (to achieve policy goals). The beginning of monetary policy as such comes from the late 19th century, where it was used to maintain the gold standard.
A policy is referred to as contractionary if it reduces the size of the money supply or increases it only slowly, or if it raises the interest rate. An expansionary policy increases the size of the money supply more rapidly, or decreases the interest rate. Furthermore, monetary policies are described as follows: accommodative, if the interest rate set by the central monetary authority is intended to create economic growth; neutral, if it is intended neither to create growth nor combat inflation; or tight if intended to reduce inflation.
There are several monetary policy tools available to achieve these ends: increasing interest rates by fiat; reducing the monetary base; and increasing reserve requirements. All have the effect of contracting the money supply; and, if reversed, expand the money supply. Since the 1970s, monetary policy has generally been formed separately from fiscal policy. Even prior to the 1970s, the Bretton Woods system still ensured that most nations would form the two policies separately.
Within almost all modern nations, special institutions (such as the Federal Reserve System in the United States, the Bank of England, the European Central Bank, the People's Bank of China, and the Bank of Japan) exist which have the task of executing the monetary policy and often independently of the executive. In general, these institutions are called central banks and often have other responsibilities such as supervising the smooth operation of the financial system.
The primary tool of monetary policy is open market operations. This entails managing the quantity of money in circulation through the buying and selling of various financial instruments, such as treasury bills, company bonds, or foreign currencies. All of these purchases or sales result in more or less base currency entering or leaving market circulation.
Usually, the short term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the USA the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight; however, the monetary policy of China is to target the exchange rate between the Chinese renminbi and a basket of foreign currencies.
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. interest rate | a. the number of people in a particular country or area who cannot get a job |
| 2. unemployment | b. the percentage charged by a bank etc. when you borrow money or paid to you by a bank when you keep money in an account there |
| 3. currency | c. a continuing increase in prices |
| 4. inflation | d. the value of the money of one country compared to the money of another country |
| 5. exchange rate | e. the system or type of money that a country uses |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.
| 1. денежная политика | 6. экономический рост |
| 2. казначейский вексель | 7. Федеральная резервная система |
| 3. облигация | 8. обменный курс |
| 4. деньги в обращении | 9. Бреттонвудская валютная система |
| 5. валютная корзина | 10. налогово-бюджетная политика |
3. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык.
| 1. federal funds rate | 6. borrow |
| 2. open market operations | 7. lend |
| 3. central banks | 8. to combat inflation |
| 4. money supply | 9. decreases the interest rate |
| 5. gold standard | 10. to issue currency |
4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. ……… rests on the relationship between the rates of interest in an economy.
a) Bretton Woods system b) fiscal policy c) monetary policy
2. At the beginning monetary policy was used to maintain ………...
a) foreign policy b) national currency c) gold standard
3. Monetary policy has generally been formed separately from …………..
a) fiscal policy b) federal funds c) Federal Reserve System
4. The primary tool of monetary policy is …………….
a) central bank b) open market operations c) interest rate
5. Open market operations entail managing the quantity of …………. through the buying and selling of various financial instruments.
a) banks b) federal funds c) money in circulation
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is monetary policy?
2. What tools does monetary policy use?
3. What is contractionary policy?
4. What is central bank?
5. What is the primary tool of monetary policy?
6. Выполните КОПР №4 «Перфектная группа времен (Perfect Tenses)», подтемы «Прошедшее совершенное время (Present Perfect Tense)», «Будущее совершенное время (Future Perfect Tense)».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
work out – сработать, быть успешным
commute – ездить на работу
utilities – коммунальные услуги
2. Прослушайте текст «Apartments for Rent» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания: http://esl-lab.com/live/liverd1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. What is the main topic of the conversation?
A. problems with living in an apartment
B. a search for a new apartment
C. the cost of rent near universities
2. Why doesn't Ann like her current apartment?
A. It's too expensive
B. The neighborhood is noisy
C. It's located some distance from school
3. How much money does Ann want to pay for rent?
A. no more than $200
B. around $200
C. a little more than $200
4. What kind of place is she looking for?
A. somewhere that is within a short driving distance of campusB. an apartment with furniture already in it
C. a place where she can live alone
5. How is Roger going to help her?
A. He is planning on calling a friend who owns an apartment building
B. He will check the newspapers to see if he can find an apartment for rent
C. He is going to visit an apartment building near his place
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. Comment on the expressions «Money makes money», «Time is money», «Money never sleeps».
2. Where can people keep money and what is the role of inflation in it.
3. Imagine you have $1000000. What projects would you like to invest this sum of money into? What return would you expect?
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Напишите поздравительное письмо партнеру по работе и поздравьте его с получением новой должности. Используйте раздел «Полезные фразы для написания письма» приведенный в конце пособия.
Write a congratulation letter to your partner Frederick Berg who worked as a salesman and now got promoted to the position of a sales manager.
Unit 7
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
7. Inflation
In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects an erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account in the economy. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the Consumer Price Index) over time.
Inflation's effects on an economy are various and can be simultaneously positive and negative. Negative effects of inflation include a decrease in the real value of money and other monetary items over time, uncertainty over future inflation may discourage investment and savings, and high inflation may lead to shortages of goods if consumers begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include ensuring central banks can adjust nominal interest rates (intended to mitigate recessions), and encouraging investment in non-monetary capital projects.
Economists generally agree that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply. Views on which factors determine low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in real demand for goods and services, or changes in available supplies such as during scarcities, as well as to growth in the money supply. However, the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth.
Today, most mainstream economists favor a low steady rate of inflation. Low (as opposed to zero or negative) inflation may reduce the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn, and reduce the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy. The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities. Generally, these monetary authorities are the central banks that control the size of the money supply through the setting of interest rates, through open market operations, and through the setting of banking reserve requirements.
A connection between inflation and unemployment has been drawn since the emergence of large scale unemployment in the 19th century, and connections continue to be drawn today. In Marxian economics, the unemployed serve as a reserve army of labour, which restrain wage inflation.
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. demand | a. a period or process in which business activity is reduced and conditions become worse |
| 2. downturn | b. the people looking for work and the jobs that are available at that time |
| 3. labour market | c. the need or desire that people have for particular goods and services |
| 4. consensus | d. the amount of money you have to pay for something |
| 5. price | e. an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.
| 1. покупательская способность | 6. товары и услуги |
| 2. ликвидность | 7. уровень цен |
| 3. темпы инфляции | 8. инвестиции и свободный капитал |
| 4. дефицит товаров | 9. спад деловой активности |
| 5. индекс потребительских цен | 10. гиперинфляция |
3. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык.
| 1. mainstream economists | 6. goods and services |
| one; padding: 0in;">2. money supply | 7. labour market |
| 3. capital projects | 8. scarcity |
| 4. wage inflation | 9. percentage |
| 5. banking reserve requirements | 10. fluctuations in real demand |
4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. ……….. is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services.
a) wage inflation b) recession c) inflation
2. High rates of inflation are caused by an excessive growth of the …………
a) labour market b) money supply c) scarcity
3. The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to …………..
a) monetary policy b) mainstream economists c) monetary authorities
4. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in ………… for goods and services.
a) real demand b) wage inflation c) capital projects
5. Monetary authorities are ………..
a) business owners b) mainstream economists c) central banks
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is inflation?
2. What are positive and negative effects of inflation?
3. Why do most mainstream economists favor a low steady rate of inflation?
4. What authorities are engaged in keeping the rate of inflation low and stable?
5. What is the connection between inflation and unemployment?
6. Выполните КОПР №5 «Perfect Continuous», подтемы «Present Perfect Continuous», «Past Perfect Continuous».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
gouge – вымогать
lemon – брак, поломка
hassle – препятствие, трудность
2. Прослушайте текст «Car Rental» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания: http://esl-lab.com/rentcar/rentcarrd1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. Why did the man settle on renting the full-size car?
A. It was roomy enough for him
B. It was more economical than the minivan
C. It had more features than the other vehicles
2. What was one of his major concerns about renting the car?
A. He couldn't add an additional driver to the rental plan
B. He was only limited to a certain number of miles per day
C. The vehicle would probably consume a lot of gas
3. How would you describe his rental car?
A. It was a little larger than he expected
B. The car doesn't look very attractive
C. The engine has problems and runs poorly
4. In which situation would the car protection plan NOT help the customer?
A. The car is stolen from a store parking lot with all of your valuablesB. The driver loses control of the car and crashes it into power pole
C. The car's exterior and windows are damaged in a hail storm
5. What can we infer from the closing statement about roadside assistance?
A. You should call the police in case your car has mechanical difficulties
B. Getting assistance might require some time and patience
C. The company will compensate you for delays in your travel
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. What is inflation? How does it influence ordinary people?
2. Why are prices different in various shops?
3. Imagine you own a food chain store? The price for petrol rose by 5%. What can you do to minimize expenses?
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Используя структуру нижеприведенного резюме, составьте свое личное резюме.
| Peter Townsled35 Green RoadSpokane, WA 87954Phone (503) 456 - 6781 Fax (503) 456 - 6782E-mail petert@net.com Personal Information Marital status: MarriedNationality: US Work experience 1998 - Present / Jackson Shoes Inc. / Spokane, WAManager Responsibilities: - Provide helpful service to customers concerning shoe choices - Design and implement computer based tools using Microsoft Access and Excel for staff - Monthly bookkeeping - Suggest changes in product offerings on a quarterly basis based on detailed analysis of sales patterns - Provide in-house training for new employees as needed 1995 - 1998 / Smith Office Supplies / Yakima, WAAssistant Manager Responsibilities: - Managed warehouse operations - Programmed Excel spreadsheet implemented to control sales strengths and weaknesses on quarterly basis - Interviewed new applicants for open positions - Travelled locally offering on-site visits to regular customers - Supervised bookkeeping staff Education 1991 - 1995 / Seattle University / Seattle, WABachelor of Business Administration Four year business administration course focusing and retail work environments Additional Skills Advanced level skills in Microsoft Office Suite, basic HTML programming, spoken and written proficiency in French REFERENCES Available upon request |
Unit 8
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
8. Marketing and sales
Marketing is the process of identifying, anticipating and then meeting the needs and requirements of consumers in order to make a profit. In contrast, selling involves persuading customers that your products or services provide the benefits that they are looking for.
You can therefore see that there is an important difference between marketing and sales. Marketing puts the needs of the customer first. Through market research, it is possible to find out about customer tastes and requirements.
In contrast selling takes place after marketing has helped the business to identify those sorts of goods that customers are looking for. The sales person is convinced that theirs is the best in the market. It is their job to then convince customers that this is the case.
The marketing department of a firm that produces razors like BIC or Gillette carries out research to find out the sorts of shaving developments that their customers are looking for. They ask customers to tell them what improvements they would like to see to existing products and what new products they would like developing. They test market a range of possible products on customers. As a result of the marketing process they are able to come up with the most suitable products.
Having invested so much in customer focused marketing they must then sell the benefits of the new product developments to customers. This involves advertising and promotion to communicate product benefits. It involves providing the appropriate support literature and direct selling to retail outlets that will stock the new razors. The sales force is effectively selling the benefits of the new products. These benefits were developed as a result of market and product research. Marketing and sales therefore go hand in hand.
Marketing is all about finding out what the customer wants. Selling is all about showing the customer that you can please them by providing them with the products that they want.
Marketing is designed to achieve profitable sales. It involves the use of powerful tools to manipulate the decisions of individuals and of other firms in the private and public sectors. This means that boundaries must be set to define the limits of acceptable behaviour.
Some limitations are imposed on a voluntary basis by firms themselves and by industry-based organisations such as the Advertising Standards Authority. But the law must provide the ultimate source of regulation in areas such as:
consumer protection: laws regulating product safety, honesty in product description and rights to refunds and exchanges;
credit: laws requiring lenders to provide full information about a loan including the Annual Percentage Rate (APR); also giving time for borrowers to change their minds;
information: obligation to disclose information held about consumers;
child protection: age limits for the sale of alcohol and tobacco products; film certification.
Overall the law has to find a balance between the importance of profitable business enterprise and the need to protect consumers from unfair or anti-social marketing activity.
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. marketing | a. a company, organization, or business |
| 2. refund | b. someone who has borrowed money and has not yet paid it all back |
| 3. enterprise | c. the activity of deciding how to advertise a product |
| 4. obligation | d. an amount of money that is given back to you if you are not satisfied with the goods or services that you have paid for |
| 5. borrower | e. a moral or legal duty to do something |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.
| 1. продавец | 6. продвижение (товара) |
| 2. разглашать информацию | 7. реклама |
| 3. годовая процентная ставка | 8. торговый персонал |
| 4. выгодный сбыт | 9. защита прав потребителей |
| 5. магазин розничной продажи | 10. маркетинговый отдел |
3. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык.
| 1. to manipulate the decisions of individuals | 6. product safety |
| 2. private and public sectors | 7. loan |
| 3. to make a profit | 8. market and product research |
| 4. limitations | 9. to change mind |
| 5. industry-based organisations | 10. to use powerful tools |
4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. ………….. is the process of identifying, anticipating and then meeting the needs and requirements of consumers.
a) refund b) product safety c) marketing
2. Communicating product benefits includes ………….. and promotion.
a) product research b) advertising c) product safety
3. Marketing involves the use of powerful tools to …………. the decisions of individuals.
a) manipulate b) change c) encroach
4. The ……….. is effectively selling the benefits of the new products.
a) marketing b) sales force c) promotion
5. The job of ………… is to convenience customers.
a) sales person b) manager c) consumer
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is marketing?
2. What is sales force?
3. What should be done to increase sales?
4. What limitations are provided by the ultimate source of regulation?
5. What is the job of a sales person?
6. Выполните КОПР №5 «Perfect Continuous», подтема «Future Perfect Continuous».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
give a hand with something – помочь с чем-либо
receipt – чек
carbohydrates – углеводы
picky – разборчивый, требовательный
groceries – продовольственные товары
2. Прослушайте текст «Grocery Shopping» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания:
http://esl-lab.com/supermarket/supermarketrd1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. Why did the man buy dog food at the supermarket?
A. Their dog was hit by a truck and needed special food to recover
B. The man adopts a dog from a stranger, and they don't have food for it
C. The product was on sale at the supermarket for that day only
2. Why does he buy tomato juice?
A. He plans on making a unique spaghetti sauce
B. He's trying to modify the way he eats
C. He wants to make a vegetable drink
3. How much was the milk?
A. $2.05
B. $2.15
C. $2.50
4. Which item did the man NOT buy?
A. a package of cookies
B. some cans of tuna
C. a carton of orange juice
5. Why does the woman get upset at the end of the conversation?
A. The man is preparing the steaks for the dog
B. The man only bought one steak for himself
C. The grill can't be used to cook the steaks
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. Does advertisement influence people? Whom is advertisement aimed at? Why?
2. What TV commercial can you watch on TV every day? What goods / services are advertised more frequently than others? What is your favourive TV commercial? Why?
3. You are the Marketing Manager of a clothes producing company. Think of an advertisement campaign that you can launch to advertise your clothes.
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Составьте резюме потенциального кандидата на приведенное ниже рекламное объявление.
| Computer Sales ltd is looking for a dynamic SALES MANAGER |
If your qualifications include: - University degree in Economics or Management - Fluent English, Spanish is a plus - Computer literate - Working experience in sales or marketing - Ability for teamwork, communicative skills Please send your resume to hh.compsales.com, attn. Mary Recruiter |
Unit 9
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
9. Price
In ordinary usage, price is the quantity of payment or compensation given by one party to another in return for goods or services.
In all modern economies, the overwhelming majority of prices are quoted in (and the transactions involve) units of some form of currency. Although in theory, prices could be quoted as quantities of other goods or services this sort of barter exchange is rarely seen.
Price can sometimes alternatively refer to the quantity of payment requested by a seller of goods or services, rather than the eventual payment amount. This requested amount is often called the asking price or selling price, while the actual payment may be called the transaction price or traded price. Likewise, the bid price or buying price is the quantity of payment offered by a buyer of goods or services, although this meaning is more common in asset or financial markets than in consumer markets.
Economists sometimes define price in a more general or abstract sense to the widely understood definition above. According to this view, price is defined as the ratio between the quantity of goods that are exchanged for each other in a transaction.
For example, consider the case of two people exchanging goods, say 5 apples for 2 loaves of bread. An economist might say that the price of apples was 2/5 = 0.4 loaves of bread. Likewise, the price of bread would be 5/2 = 2.5 apples. Hence if we consider that currency is simply another type of good like apples or bread, then this conception forms the general case of the widely held definition outlined above.
However it is far from clear that this generalisation serves any useful purpose at all. As noted above, in all real economies prices are virtually always quoted in (and transactions always involve) units of currency. Hence, an alternative view is that the most basic and general definition of price is that involving exchange of goods or services for money, and that the exchange ratio between two goods is simply derived from the two individual prices.
The exchange ratio is sometimes referred to as the real price, while the price quoted in money referred to as the nominal price.
This distinction is sometimes made to make sense of inflation. When all prices are quoted in terms of money units, and the prices in money units change more or less proportionately, the ratio of exchange may not change much. In the extreme case, if all prices quoted in money change in the same proportion, the relative price remains the same.
It is now becoming clear that the distinction is not useful and indeed hides a major confusion. The conventional wisdom is that proportional change in all nominal prices does not affect real price, and hence should not affect either demand or supply and therefore also should not affect output. The new criticism is that the crucial question is why is there more money to pay for the same old real output. If this question is answered, it will show that dynamically, even as the real price remains exactly the same, output in real terms can change, just because additional money allow additional output to be traded. The supply curve can shift such that at the old price, the new higher output is sold. This shift if not possible without additional money.
From this point of view, a price is similar to an opportunity cost, that is, what must be given up in exchange for the good or service that is being purchased. For example, if x=1 and y=2, the relative price of x in terms of y is 2, and the price of y in terms of x is 0.5.
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. output | a. an amount of money that must be paid |
| 2. transaction | b. the amount of goods or work produced |
| 3. buyer | c. what you earn by working and can use to buy things |
| 4. payment | d. a business deal or action, such as buying or selling something |
| 5. money | e. someone who buys something |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.
| 1. стоимость упущенной выгоды | 6. потребительский рынок |
| 2. продавец | 7. товары и услуги |
| 3. первоначальная цена | 8. номинальная цена |
| 4. цена продажи | 9. цена предложения |
| 5. коэффициент обмена | 10. финансовый рынок |
3. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык.
| 1. supply and demand | 6. real price |
| 2. goods and services | 7. transaction price |
| 3. traded price | 8. unit of currency |
| 4. nominal price | 9. relative price |
| 5. barter | 10. asset |
4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. Price is the ………….. given in return for goods or services.
a) barter b) output c) quantity of payment
2. Proportional change in all nominal prices does not affect ………….
a) payment b) real price c) bid price
3. The eventual payment amount requested by a seller is often called …………..
a) asking price b) real price c) nominal price
4. What must be given up in exchange for the good or service that is being purchased is called ……………
a) real price b) nominal price c) opportunity cost
5. In all real economies prices are virtually always quoted in …………..
a) units of currency b) exchange goods c) coins
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is price?
2. What is called asking price?
3. What is opportunity cost?
4. What is price measured by?
5. What is the difference between real price and nominal price?
6. Выполните КОПР №1 «Инфинитив (Infinitive)», подтемы «Общие сведения об инфинитиве», «Употребление инфинитива».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
kitchenette - кухня в квартире гостиничного типа, часть комнаты, приспособленная под кухню
2. Прослушайте текст «Hotel Reservations» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания: http://esl-lab.com/hotel1/hotel1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. The man makes a reservation finally for which day?
A. March 20th
B. March 21st
C. March 22nd
2. What kind of room does the man prefer?
A. a non-smoking room
B. a smoking room
C. either one is okay
3. Why doesn't he want to reserve the suite?
A. It doesn't have a nice view
B. It doesn't come with a sauna bath
C. It's too expensive
4. Including tax, how much is the man's room?
A. 80 dollars
B. 88 dollars
C. 96 dollars
5. How do you spell the man's name?
A. Maxner
B. Maexner
C. Mexner
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. What is a price? What factors influence the price?
2. Why are the prices for goods changing?
3. Imagine you own a food store. Your competitor from a nearby food store decreased the price for the same food products by 2%. What can you do not to lose your customers?
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Напишите письмо-запрос на нижеприведенное письмо. Используйте раздел «Полезные фразы для написания письма» приведенный в конце пособия.
You have received a letter from the Organizing Committee of the conference you would like to take part in. Write a letter to Dan Craft, in your letter ask the following:
a) the date of the conference;
b) the exact address of the conference;
c) the deadline for applying papers.
| Sergey Ivanov 14, Kuznetskaya Street, Moscow, Russia 452450 Dear Mr. Ivanov, We invite you to take part in the 9th Annual European Financial Services Conference – “A new deal between finance and society” - will focus on the reform of the financial services sector since the crisis of 2008, at both an EU and a global level. Sessions will focus on: Has Europe’s financial sector put its economy in order? Assessing the EU’s regulation effort Charting progress towards a new global structure. Now widely regarded as the premier annual financial services gathering in Brussels, the European Financial Services Conference brings together more than 400 senior bankers and policy-makers from around the world to debate issues affecting European and global financial markets. Registration is free of charge but with interest expected to be very high, we advise you to register early to secure your place. For more information contact: Dan Craft Director Forum Europe18, High StreetCardiffUK Best regards, Dan Craft |
Unit 10
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
10. Market
A market is any one of a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby businesses sell their goods, services and labour to people in exchange for money. Goods and services are sold using a legal tender such as fiat money. This activity forms part of the economy. It is an arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to exchange items. Competition is essential in markets, and separates market from trade. Two persons may trade, but it takes at least three persons to have a market, so that there is competition on at least one of its two sides. Markets vary in size, range, geographic scale, location, types and variety of human communities, as well as the types of goods and services traded. Some examples include local farmers' markets held in town squares or parking lots, shopping centers and shopping malls, international currency and commodity markets, legally created markets such as for pollution permits, and illegal markets such as the market for illicit drugs.
In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. The exchange of goods or services for money is a transaction. Market participants consist of all the buyers and sellers of a good who influence its price. This influence is a major study of economics and has given rise to several theories and models concerning the basic market forces of supply and demand. There are two roles in markets, buyers and sellers. The market facilitates trade and enables the distribution and allocation of resources in a society. Markets allow any tradable item to be evaluated and priced. A market emerges more or less spontaneously or is constructed deliberately by human interaction in order to enable the exchange of rights of services and goods.
Historically, markets originated in physical marketplaces which would often develop into — or from — small communities, towns and cities.
A market can be organized as an auction, as a private electronic market, as a commodity wholesale market, as a shopping center, as a complex institution such as a stock market, and as an informal discussion between two individuals.
Markets of varying types can spontaneously arise whenever a party has interest in a good or service that some other party can provide. Hence there can be a market for cigarettes in correctional facilities, another for chewing gum in a playground, and yet another for contracts for the future delivery of a commodity. There can be black markets, where a good is exchanged illegally and virtual markets, such as eBay, in which buyers and sellers do not physically interact during negotiation. There can also be markets for goods under a command economy despite pressure to repress them.
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. infrastructure | a. a public meeting where things are sold to the person who offers the most money for them |
| 2. competition | b. a group of shops together in one area, often in one large building |
| 3. auction | c. a situation in which organizations try to be more successful than other organizations |
| 4. shopping center | d. the business of buying and selling stocks and shares |
| 5. stock market | e. the basic systems and structures that a country or organization needs in order to work properly, for example roads, railways, banks etc |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.
| 1. распределение ресурсов | 6. фондовая биржа |
| 2. бумажные деньги | 7. участники рынка |
| 3. рынок товаров | 8. спрос и предложение |
| 4. оптовый рынок товаров | 9. повышать торговлю |
| 5. черный рынок | 10. виртуальный рынок |
3. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык.
| 1. command economy | 6. tradable item |
| 2. illegal market | 7. shopping mall |
| 3. allocation of resources | 8. labour |
| 4. buyers and sellers | 9. legal tender |
| 5. evaluate | 10. delivery of a commodity |
4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. ……….. is any one of a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures.
a) tender b) delivery c) market
2. Markets where a good is exchanged illegally is called ………..
a) black markets b) shopping malls c) virtual markets
3. eBay is an example of ………….
a) black market b) commodity market c) virtual market
4. A group of shops together in one area is called …………..
a) commodity market b) illegal market c) shopping center
5. A market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to ……….. any type of goods or services.
a) sell b) buy c) exchange
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is a market?
2. What is a black market?
3. What is a virtual market?
4. What is needed for a market to function?
5. What is the role of market participants?
6. Выполните КОПР №1 «Инфинитив (Infinitive)», подтема «Сложные грамматические обороты с инфинитивом».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
teaching convention – семинар для учителей
2. Прослушайте текст «Immigration and Customs» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания: http://esl-lab.com/customs/customrd1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. What is the purpose of the woman's visit?
A. business
B. pleasure
C. business and pleasure
2. Where will the woman stay during her trip?
A. at a friend's home
B. at a hotel
C. at a university dormitory
3. About how long will the woman be in the country?
A. one or two days
B. three or four days
C. more than four days
4. What things are in the woman's luggage?
A. clothing, computer, and books
B. CD player, clothing, and books
C. books, gifts and computer
5. What other piece of information do we learn about the woman?
A. Her parents are on the same trip
B. She enjoys traveling to different countries
C. She was born in that country
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. What is e-market? What do people usually sell/buy on e-markets?
2. Have you ever bought/sold anything on the Internet? What was it?
3. Are e-markets and e-commerce convenient? Why? Why not?
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Составьте письмо. Используйте раздел «Полезные фразы для написания письма» приведенный в конце пособия.
Your are the Supply Manager of the Engineering Company. You need 600 computers for your company and you found information about Dell Computer Corporation (Russia) and decided to write them a letter. In your letter do the following:
1) write a letter to Mr. Hopsky – Distribution Manager, Company address: 34, Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, Russia, 452450.
2) ask about the price and models of computers;
3) ask about discount or offer in return for buying a large amount of computers;
4) ask about corporate software and service.
Полезные фразы для написания письма
| Подтверждение получения письма | |
| We have received your letter of... | Мы получили Ваше письмо от... |
| We thank you for your letter of... | Благодарим Вас за Ваше письмо от... |
|
Ссылки на предыдущие письма | |
| In reply to your letter of... we are pleased to inform you that... | В ответ на Ваше письмо от... мы рады сообщить Вам, что... |
| In accordance with your request of... | В соответствии с Вашим запросом от... |
| We confirm our telex of... which reads... | Мы подтверждаем наш телекс от..., в котором говорится о... |
| Further to our letter of... we... | В дополнение к нашему письму от... мы... |
|
Вопросы, осведомления | |
| I would be glad to know ... | Я был бы рад узнать... |
| Будьте добры, сообщите, пожалуйста... | Could you please tell me... |
| Please let me know if... | Пожалуйста сообщите, если... |
| May I hope for...? | Могу я надеяться на...? |
| We would be very much obliged if you could inform us... | Мы будем очень рады, если Вы сможете известить нас |
| I would be grateful if you could let me know what... and inform me when... | Я был бы весьма благодарен Вам, если бы вы сообщили, что... и когда... |
| We would be very much obliged if you could give us a short explanation... | Мы были крайне благодарны Вам, если бы вы кратко пояснили нам... |
|
Сообщения, извещения | |
| We are informing you that (of, about)... | Мы сообщаем Вам, что (о)... |
| We are pleased to inform you... | Рады сообщить Вам... |
| May we remind you that... | Разрешите напомнить Вам... |
| We have to inform you... | Вынуждены сообщить Вам... |
| We intend to... | Мы намереваемся... |
| Permit me to say that... | Позвольте сказать, что... |
| Let me inform you that... | Позвольте сообщить, что... |
| This is to inform you that... | Настоящим сообщаю, что... |
| This is to certify that... | Настоящим удостоверяется, что... |
| It is important to us that... | Для нас важно, чтобы... |
| Please take due note that... | Ставлю Вас в известность, что... |
| I am writing to confirm that... | Пишу, чтобы подтвердить, что... |
| As you know... | Как Вам известно... |
| We wish to draw up your attention to the fact that... | Обращаем Ваше внимание на то, что... |
| Enclosed please find... | Приложено к письму... |
|
Уверения, предложения помощи, услуг | |
| We shall do our best to... | Мы сделаем все возможное, что бы... |
| Please let me know if you require any further information or assistance. | Сообщите, пожалуйста, если Вам потребуется дальнейшая информация или помощь. |
| We will be glad to answer any technical questions on the... | Мы будем рады ответить на любые технические вопросы относительно... |
|
Выражения надежды | |
| I hope that all is going well with... | Я надеюсь, все идет хорошо с... |
| I hope you will not mind... | Я надеюсь, Вы не будете возражать... |
| I do hope I am not putting you to too much trouble if... | |
| I look forward to cooperating with you on this new venture. | Я рассчитываю на сотрудничество с Вами в этом новом предприятии |
|
Просьбы | |
| We shall (should) be pleased... | Мы будем рады... |
| We should be obliged if you could (would)... | Мы были бы Вам признательны, если Вы... |
| We should be glad if you would... | Мы были бы рады, если Вы... |
| In view of the urgency we ask you to... | В связи со срочностью мы просим Вас... |
| Please let me know... | Пожалуйста, сообщите... |
| Please send us... | Просим выслать нам... |
| Please inform us about... | Просим Вас сообщить нам о... |
| We request to pay... | Просим оплатить... |
| Please indicate your post-code, telephone and telex number. | Пожалуйста, укажите Ваш почтовый индекс, номера телефона и телекса. |
| Please take all necessary measures for... | Прошу принять все необходимые меры для... |
| I wonder if you could help me to... | Хотелось бы знать, не можете ли Вы мне помочь... |
| It will be appreciated if you will please... | Мы будем благодарны, если Вы... |
| We ask you for some additional information... | Просим у Вас некоторую дополнительную информацию о... |
| Could you please send me... | Будьте добры, пришлите мне пожалуйста... |
| In accordance with law I request... | В соответствии с законом я прошу (требую)... |
| I (we) would (should) be most (extremely) grateful if you could... | Я был бы весьма благодарен, если бы Вы могли... |
|
Благодарности | |
| It is very kind of you to... | Очень любезно с Вашей стороны... |
| I am writing to thank you very much indeed for... | Пишу, чтобы поблагодарить Вас за... |
| May I take this opportunity of thanking you for... | Позвольте воспользоваться случаем, чтобы поблагодарить Вас за... |
| Thank you for contributing so much to... | Благодарим за столь большой вклад в... |
| I sincerely appreciate your kindness... | Я высоко ценю Вашу доброту... |
| Please accept my sincere (deep) appreciation for your help. | Примите, пожалуйста, мою искреннюю (глубокую) благодарность за Вашу помощь. |
| I wish to express my appreciation for all your efforts... | Хочу выразить мою благодарность за все Ваши усилия... |
| I am most grateful to you for helping me. | Я очень благодарен Вам за помощь. |
| I am truly grateful for your advice. | Я искренне благодарен за Ваш совет. |
| This is to thank you again for your wonderful hospitality… | Пишу, чтобы поблагодарить еще раз за Ваше гостеприимство… |
|
Выражения сожаления | |
| Unfortunately,... | К сожалению,... |
| Unfortunately, I have been out on business in... | К сожалению, меня не было - я был в деловой поездке в… |
| I am very sorry to have caused you so much trouble. | Я очень сожалению, что причинил Вам столько беспокойства. |
| I am afraid that... | Боюсь, что... |
| I am sorry (I regret) to say (to inform you, to tell you) that... | С сожалением сообщаю, что... |
| I regret to inform you that... | К сожалению, вынужден сообщить Вам, что... |
| To my great regret I must inform you that... | К моему великому сожалению, я должен известить Вас, что... |
| ...I am not able to... | ...я не в состоянии... |
|
Извинения | |
| We apologize for... | Мы извиняемся за ... |
| Please accept our apologies for... | Пожалуйста, примите наши извинения за... |
| My (our) apologies for... | Приношу свои (наши) извинения за... |
| We offer an apology for... | Приносим извинения за... |
| I wish to offer my sincere apologies for... | Хочу принести свои самые искренние извинения за... |
| I am sorry that... | Прошу извинить за то, что... |
| I must apologise that... | Должен извиниться за то, что... |
| I sincerely regret that... | Я искренне сожалею, что... |
| I was extremely sorry that... | Я очень виноват в том, что... |
| I am sorry, but I cannot be of assistance to you in this matter. | Извините, но я не могу помочь Вам в этом деле. |
|
Выражения удовлетворения | |
| I take pleasure of... | С удовольствием... |
| We are delighted that... | Мы очень рады, что... |
| I shall be happy to discuss with you... | Буду счастлив обсудить с Вами... |
| I am pleased to send you a copy of... | Рад выслать Вам экземпляр... |
| We are pleased to learn from your letter that you have decided to... | Нам было приятно узнать из Вашего письма, что Вы решили... |
| We are most pleased that you want to buy... | Мы очень рады, что Вы пожелали купить... |
| I was delighted to hear the news that... | Я был восхищен, узнав, что... |
| It would be truly wonderful to... | Было бы действительно замечательно... |
| We are glad to say that we can reserve for you... | Мы рады сообщить, что можем оставить за Вами... |
| We appreciate your attitude. | Мы ценим вашу позицию. |
|
Выражения неудовлетворения | |
| I am most disturbed that you will not be able to... | Я очень обеспокоен тем, что Вы не сможете... |
| This sets up a chain involving several complications. | Это вызывает цепь определенных затруднений. |
| We are not happy about the terms you suggested. | Мы не удовлетворены предложенными Вами условиями. |
| I simply cannot understand why you did not tell us... | Я просто не могу понять, почему Вы не предупредили нас... |
| I am very disappointed about this fact, and hope that you can help me to clear out this very strange situation. | Я очень огорчен данным обстоятельством и надеюсь, что Вы объясните мне эту весьма странную ситуацию. |
| By this letter I emphatically protest against… | Настоящим письмом я заявляю категорический протест против... |
| This is, I am sure you will agree, not a good way to conduct business. | Это, полагаю Вы согласитесь, не лучший способ вести дела. |
| I am afraid that we must cancel the agreement as... | Я боюсь, мы должны расторгнуть договор, поскольку... |
| We emphatically deny you permission to... | Мы категорически запрещаем Вам... |
|
Ответы на вопросы и предложения | |
| We were very pleased to receive your letter in reply to our advertisement in... | Мы были очень рады получить от Вас письмо в ответ на наше объявление в... |
| We much appreciate your offer... | Мы высоко ценим Ваше предложение... |
| We are obliged for your letter of May 19, in which you enquire... | Мы признательны за Ваше письмо от 19 мая, в котором Вы спрашиваете... |
| We should appreciate it very much if you could send us... | Мы были бы очень признательны, если бы Вы прислали нам... |
| We hope that our offer will interest you. | Надеемся, что наше предложение заинтересует Вас. |
| We are awaiting your instructions with interest. | С заинтересованностью ожидаем Ваших указаний. |
|
Упоминание о приложении | |
| We enclose/are enclosing... | Мы прилагаем... |
| We are attaching to this letter... | Мы прилагаем к этому письму... |
|
Выражение надежды на скорый ответ | |
| We would greatly appreciate your answer. | Мы очень рассчитываем на Ваш ответ. |
| I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. | Жду скорого ответа. |
| I look forward to hearing from you in due course | Я рассчитываю на Ваш ответ обычным порядком |
| We will look forward to hearing from you (we should appreciate receiving your reply)at your earliest convenience, | Я буду надеяться что Вы ответите при первой же возможности. |
| I would (we should) greatly appreciate an early (prompt) reply. | Я буду (будем) очень благодарен за скорый (срочный) ответ. |
| I hope that I may hear (hoping to hear) from you soon, | Надеюсь на скорый ответ, |
|
Связующие элементы письма | |
| We are sure (confident) that... | Мы совершенно уверены, что... |
| At the same time we would like to remind you that... | В тоже время, хотели бы напомнить Вам, что... |
| Apart from the above... | Помимо вышеуказанного... |
| In view of the above... | Ввиду вышеизложенного... |
| Otherwise we shall have to... | В противном случае мы будем вынуждены... |
| We have (no) difficulty in... | Мы (не) испытываем трудности в... |
| We have to admit that... | Необходимо признать, что... |
| In case of your refusal... | В случае Вашего отказа... |
| In case of your failure to make payment... | В случае неуплаты... |
| In this connection ... | В связи с этим ... |
| Nevertheless ... | Тем не менее ... |
| In fact ... | Фактически ... |
| First of all (In the first place ...) | В первую очередь ... |
|
Фразы в конце письма | |
| Best wishes, | Наилучшие пожелания, |
| With best wishes, | С наилучшими пожеланиями, |
| With kind regards, | С дружеским приветом, |
| With best wishes and kind regards, | С наилучшими пожеланиями и дружеским приветом, |
| We take this opportunity of thanking you for your assistance. | Пользуемся возможностью поблагодарить Вас за Вашу помощь. |
| With best regards, | С наилучшими пожеланиями, |
Словарь
A
accountability – подотчетность
accountable – подотчетный, ответственный
accountant – бухгалтер
advertising – реклама
allocation of resources – распределение ресурсов
Annual Percentage Rate – годовая процентная ставка
appoint – назначать
asking price – первоначальная цена
asset – актив
auction – аукцион
B
basket of foreign currencies – валютная корзина
benefits – льготы, польза, преимущества
bid price – цена предложения
black market – черный рынок
bond – облигация
borrow – занимать
borrower – заемщик
Bretton Woods system – Бреттонвудская валютная система
budget – бюджет
budget process – составление бюджета
business budgeting – планирование бюджета
business cycle – экономический цикл
buyer – покупатель
C
capital project – инвестиционный проект
central bank – центральный банк
collateral – залог
combat inflation – бороться с инфляцией
command economy – командная экономика
commodity – товар
commodity market – рынок товаров
commodity wholesale market – оптовый рынок товаров
competition – конкуренция
consumer market – потребительский рынок
Consumer Price Index – Индекс потребительских цен
consumer protection – защита прав потребителей
consumption – потребление
costs – издержки, затраты
costs of production – издержки производства
currency – валюта
customer – покупатель, клиент
customer services department – отдел обслуживания клиентов
D
decision-making – принятие решения
decrease the interest rate – понижать процентную ставку
delivery of a commodity – доставка товара
demand for labour – спрос на рабочую силу
demand-and-supply theory – теория спроса и предложения
disclose information – разглашать информацию
Distribution Manager – начальник отдела сбыта
distribution of income – распределение доходов
downturn – спад деловой активности
E
economic cost – оптимальные издержки (затраты)
economic efficiency – экономическая эффективность
economic growth – экономический рост
employee – работник
enterprise – предприятие
equilibrium – равновесие
exchange rate – обменный курс
exchange ratio – коэффициент обмена
expenses – расходы
external shock – внешний шок
externalities – внешние факторы экономической деятельности
F
facilitate trade – повышать торговлю
factor of production – факторы производства
federal funds rate – процентная ставка по федеральным фондам
Federal Reserve System – Федеральная резервная система
fiat money – бумажные деньги
finance – финансы
finance department – финансовый отдел
financial market – финансовый рынок
financial model – финансовая модель
financial report – финансовая отчет
financial spreadsheet – сводная таблица
fiscal policy – налогово-бюджетная политика
fluctuation – колебание
G
gold standard – золотой стандарт
good quality – высокое качество
goods and services – товары и услуги
government regulation – государственное регулирование
H
human resources – отдел кадров, рабочая сила
human resources department – отдел кадров
hyperinflation – гиперинфляция
I
illegal market – нелегальный (черный) рынок
income effect – эффект дохода (влияние изменений в доходах на спрос)
incomplete markets – несовершенный рынок
industry-based organization – промышленная организация
inflation – инфляция
inflation rate – темпы инфляции
Information Technology department – отдел информационных технологий
infrastructure
insurance – страховка
investment and savings – инвестиции и свободный капитал
J
junior manager – помощник управляющего
L
labour market – рынок труда
law of demand – закон спроса
lend – давать взаймы
level of prices – уровень цен
limitation – ограничение
liquidity – ликвидность
loan – заем
M
macroeconomic instability – макроэкономическая нестабильность
mainstream economist – выдающийся экономист
make a profit – получать прибыль
manipulate the decisions of individuals – влиять на решения людей
marginal cost – предельная стоимость
marginal utility – предельная полезность
market – рынок
market changes – рыночные изменения
market equilibrium – рыночное равновесие
market failure – рыночная неэффективность
market forces – рыночные силы
market participants – участники рынка
market price – рыночная цена
market research – рыночное исследование
market structure – рыночная структура
marketing – маркетинг
marketing department – маркетинговый отдел
marketing manager – руководитель отдала маркетинга
mathematical model – математическая модель
monetary policy – денежная политика
money in circulation – деньги в обращении
money supply – денежная масса, денежное обращение
monopoly – монополия
mutually exclusive – взаимно–исключающий
N
natural monopoly – естественная монополия
nominal price – номинальная цена
normal good – стандартный товар
O
obligation – обязательство
obtain orders – получать заказы
open market operations – операции на открытом рынке
opportunity cost – вмененные потери, стоимость упущенной выгоды
organisational structure – структура управления, организационная структура
output – выпуск, продукция
P
payment – платеж
perfect competition – совершенная конкуренция
perfectly competitive market – рынок с совершенной конкуренцией
price stickiness – негибкость цены
pricing tool – механизм ценообразования
private sector – частный сектор
producer – производитель
product availability – доступность товара
product safety – безопасность товара
production – производство
Production Manager – начальник производственного отдела
production–possibility frontier – предел производственных возможностей
profit – прибыль
profitable sales – выгодный сбыт
promotion – продвижение
provide back up support – обеспечивать поддержку
public goods – общественные товары (блага)
public sector – государственный сектор
purchasing power – покупательская способность
R
rate of interest – ставка процента
real cost – реальная (чистая) стоимость
real price – действительная цена
recession – рецессия
recruitment – подбор и расстановка кадров
relative price – относительная цена
restraint on producers – ограничение производителей
retail outlet – магазин розничной продажи
revenues – выручка
S
sales force – торговый персонал
Sales Manager – руководитель отдела продаж
sales person – продавец
scarce resources – редкие ресурсы
scarcity – нехватка
second hand car market – рынок поддержанных автомобилей
seller – продавец
selling price – цена продажи
senior manager – руководитель высшего звена
share price – курс (цена) акции
shareholder – акционер
shopping center – торговый центр
shopping mall – торговый комплекс
shortage of goods – дефицит товаров
stock market – фондовая биржа
substitution effect – эффект замещения
supply and demand – спрос и предложение
supply curve – кривая предложения
T
tangible assets – материальные активы
traded price – торговая (заводская) цена
transaction – сделка
treasury bill – казначейский вексель
U
unemployment – безработица
unit of currency – единица валюты
V
variable – переменная
virtual market – виртуальный рынок
wage inflation – инфляция, вызванная ростом заработной платы
W
wage rate – ставка заработной платы
work team – рабочая группа
working capital – оборотный (рабочий) капитал
Список литературы
1. Английский язык. Компьютерная обучающая программа. Романов А.Н., Торопцов В.С., Григорович Д.Б., Галкина Л.А., Галкина С.В., Федорова Л.М., Манвелова И.А. Волоза С.Л., Аршавская Е.А. – url:http://repository.vzfei.ru - № гос регистрации 50200000047 от 04.19.2000.
2. Свободная энциклопедия «Википедия» - http://ru.wikipedia.org
3. Словарь «Мультитран» - http://multitran.ru
4. Longman dictionary of contemporary English - http://www.ldoceonline.com
5. Randall's ESL Cyber Listening Lab - http://esl-lab.com