МИНИСТЕРСТВО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФГОУ ТВЕРСКАЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ
Кафедра теории языка и межкультурной коммуникации
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ И КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ
для студентов-заочников зооинженерного факультета (6 лет обучения)
Тверь-Сахарово 2005
Бердюгина А.А., Стасюк А.В.,
Английский язык. Методические указания и контрольные работы для студентов-заочников зооинженерного факультета (6 лет обучения).Тверь: ТГСХА, 2005.
Ответственный редактор: д.ф.н., профессор, заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации, А.А. Романов.
Рецензент: к.ф.н., доценты кафедры общего и классического языкознания Тверского Госуниверситета, К.Л. Розова.
Утверждено на заседании кафедры.
Протокол № от 2005г
.
Рекомендовано к изданию методической комиссией экономического факультета ТГСХА.
Протокол № от 2005 г.
© Тверская государственная сельскохозяйственная академия 2005.
I
.
РАБОТА НАД ТЕКСТОМ
Поскольку основной целевой установкой обучения иностранному языку является получение информации из иноязычного источника, особое внимание следует уделять чтению текстов. Понимание текста достигается при осуществлении двух видов чтения:
1) изучающего чтения;
2) чтения с общим охватом содержания.
Точное и полное понимание текста осуществляется путем изучающего чтения, которое предполагает умение самостоятельно проводить лексико-грамматический анализ текста. Итогом изучающего чтения является адекватный перевод текста на родной язык с помощью словаря. При этом следует развивать навыки пользования отраслевыми терминологическими словарями и словарями сокращений.
Читая текст, предназначенный для понимания общего содержания, необходимо, не обращаясь к словарю, понять основной смысл прочитанного.
Оба вида чтения складываются из следующих умений: а) догадываться о значении незнакомых слов на основе словообразовательных признаков и контекста; б) видеть интернациональные слова и определять их значение; в) находить знакомые грамматические формы и конструкции и устанавливать их эквиваленты в русском языке; г) использовать имеющийся в тексте иллюстрированный материал, схемы, формулы и т.п.; д) применять знания по специальным, общетехническим, общеэкономическим предметам в качестве основы смысловой и языковой догадки.
II. ВЫПОЛНЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ ЗАДАНИЙ И ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ
1. Количество контрольных заданий, выполняемых вами на каждом курсе, устанавливается учебным планом академии. Кафедра теории языка ТГСХА предоставляет точный график выполнения контрольных работ.
2. Каждое контрольное задание в данном пособии предлагается в пяти вариантах. Вы должны выполнить один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты, шифр которых оканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняют вариант № 1; на 3 или 4 - № 2; на 5 или 6 - № 3; на 7 или 8 - № 4; на 9 или 0 - № 5.
3. Выполнять письменные контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию, номер контрольной работы.
4. Контрольные работы должны выполняться чернилами, аккуратно, четким почерком. При выполнении контрольной работы оставляйте в тетради широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и методических указаний рецензента.
Материал контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради по следующему образцу:
| ЛЕВАЯ СТРАНИЦА
|
ПРАВАЯ СТРАНИЦА
|
||
| ПОЛЯ |
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ТЕКСТ |
РУССКИЙ ТЕКСТ |
ПОЛЯ |
5. Контрольные работы должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в которой они даны в настоящем пособии.
6. Выполненные контрольные работы направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в Академию в установленные сроки.
7. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения указаний или не полностью, она возвращается без проверки.
III. ИСПРАВЛЕНИЕ РАБОТЫ НА ОСНОВЕ РЕЦЕНЗИЙ.
1. При получении от рецензента проверенной контрольной работы внимательно прочитайте рецензию, ознакомьтесь с замечаниями рецензента и проанализируйте отмеченные в работе ошибки.
2. Руководствуясь указаниями рецензента, проработайте еще раз учебный материал. Все предложения, в которых были обнаружены орфографические и грамматические ошибки или неточности перевода, перепишите начисто в исправленном виде в конце данной контрольной работы.
3. Только после того, как будут выполнены все указания рецензента и исправлены все ошибки, можно приступить к изучению материала очередного контрольного задания и его выполнению.
4. Отрецензированные контрольные работы являются учебными документами, которые необходимо сохранять; помните о том, что во время зачета или экзамена производится проверка усвоения материала, вошедшего в контрольные работы.
IV. ПИСЬМЕННЫЕ КОНСУЛЬТАЦИИ.
Следует сообщить своему рецензенту обо всех затруднениях, возникающих у вас при самостоятельном изучении английского языка, а именно: а) какие предложения в тексте, упражнении вызывают затруднения при переводе; б) какой раздел грамматики вам непонятен; в) какие правила, пояснения, формулировки неясны.
V. ПОДГОТОВКА К ЗАЧЕТАМ И ЭКЗАМЕНАМ
В процессе подготовки к зачетам и экзаменам рекомендуется: а) повторно прочитать и перевести наиболее трудные тексты, данные на занятиях; б) просмотреть материал отрецензированных контрольных работ; в) проделать выборочно отдельные грамматические упражнения для самопроверки; г) повторить материал для устных упражнений; д) обязательно привезти на сессию англо-русский словарь
.
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса.
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражения падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания -s. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.
2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных. Конструкции типа the more ... the less.
3. Числительные.
4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные.
5. Форма настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и будущего (Future) времени группы Indefinite действительного залога изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past и Future Indefinite. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма.
6. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и отрицательной формах; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is (are),
7. Основные случаи словообразования.
Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР. I)
Грамматическая функция окончания -s
1. The students attend lectures
and seminars
on the History.
Студенты посещают лекции
и семинары
по истории.
Lectures
— множественное число от имени существительного, а lecture
- лекция.
2. Не lectures
on economy.
Он читает лекции
по экономике.
Lectures
— 3-е лицо единственного числа от глагола to
lecture
в Present Indefinite.
3. My brother's
Сын
моего
бра
-
son
is a student.
та
— студент.
В слове brother's
's - окончание притяжательного падежа имени существительного в единственном числе.
My brothers' sons
Сыновья
моих
are students. братьев
— студенты.
Слово brothers'
— форма притяжательного падежа имени существительного a brother во множественном числе.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (К УПР. II)
Особенности перевода на русский язык английских имен существительных, употребляющихся в функции определения, стоящего перед определяемым словом.
1. The scientist works at some problems of low temperature
physics
.
2. This girl studies at the Tver
Agricultural Academy
.
Этот ученый работает над некоторыми проблемами физики низких температур
.
Эта девушка учится в Тверской сельскохозяйственной Академии
.
ОРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 3 (К УПР. V)
Lomonosov Ломоносов осно-
founded
the first вал
первый русский
Russian University in университет в Моск-
Moscow. ве.
Founded
— Past Indefinite Active от стандартного глагола to found
.
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The "Big Ben" clock weighs 13.5 tons.
2. Most of London's places of interest are situated to the north of the river Thames.
3. Hyde Park covers 360 acres.
II
. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. The bus stop is not far from here.
2. Several Tver Academy scientists work at this problem.
3. There are only daylight lamps in this room.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. One of the most famous buildings in England is St. Paul's Cathedral.
2. This room is smaller than that one.
3. The longer is the night, the shorter is the day.
IV.
Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. At some of the London Underground stations there are lifts, others have escalators.
2. Any student of our group can speak on the history of London.
3. No park in London is as popular as Hyde Park.
V.
Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. This student first came to Moscow in 1985.
2. The Port of London is to the east of the City.
3. In a few days she will leave for London.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
LONDON
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million. London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world. Traditionally it is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End.
The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps the most striking of them is St Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of English churches. The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It was used as a fortress, a royal palace and a prison. Now it is a museum.
Westminster is the historic, the governmental part of London. Westminster Abbey has more historic associations than any other building in Britain, Nearly all English kings and queens have been crowned here. Many outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers, poets and painters are buried here: Newton, Darwin, Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc.
Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, or the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big hour bell, known as "Big Ben". Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen.
The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is the symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and theatres are situated there. There are splendid houses and lovely gardens belonging to wealthy people.
Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square.
On the north side of Trafalgar Square is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. Not far away is the British Museum — the biggest museum in London. It contains a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc, and is famous for its library.
The East End is the poorest district of London. There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks here. The streets are narrow, the buildings are unimpressive. The East End is densely populated by working class families.
ВАРИАНТ 2.
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Moscow is one of the world's cultural and scientific centers.
2. The first mentioning of Moscow in chronicles dates back (относится) to 1147.
3. The collections of the Historical Museum acquaint visitors with the history of the Russian State.
4. The researcher states that the new method of work is of great importance for the fulfillment of the plan.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. They discussed the Ten-Year economic development plan.
2. The International Tchaikovsky Competition and the International Ballet Competition took place in Moscow.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. This film is much more interesting than that one.
2. My friend is as old as I am.
3. The more you read, the better you know the subject.
4. The second text is not so difficult for translation as the first one.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.
1. There are some 150 museums in Moscow,
2. Any museum of Moscow is of great interest to us.
3. Do they take any books with them?
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. Muscovites celebrated the 55th Anniversary of the Great Patriotic War as their biggest holiday.
2. The Lenin Mausoleum is in Red Square.
3. In 1980 the best sportsmen from five continents met in Moscow.
4. This girl took part in the International Competition in Moscow.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
MOSCOW
Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. It was founded 8 centuries ago by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. In the 13th century Moscow was the centre of the struggle of Russian lands for the liberation from the tartar yoke. In the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united state. Though Peter the Great moved the capital to St Petersburg in 1712, Moscow remained the heart of Russia. After the October revolution Moscow became the capital again.
Now Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about nine hundred square kilometers. The population of the city is over 8 million.
Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. It has more historic associations than any other place in Moscow. The Kremlin and St Basil's Cathedral (Vastly Blazheny) are masterpieces of ancient Russian architecture. The main Kremlin tower, the Spasskaya Tower, has become the symbol of the country. On the territory of the Kremlin you can see old cathedrals, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, the Palace of Congresses, the Tzar-Cannon and the Tzar-Bell, the biggest cannon and bell in the world. St Basil's Cathedral was built in the mid-16th century in memory of the victory over Kazan.
There are a lot of beautiful palaces, old mansions, cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow. Now Moscow is being reconstructed and we all hope that in a few years the city will become even more beautiful.
There are more than 80 museums in Moscow. The largest museums are the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery. Other unique museums in Moscow include the All-Russia Museum of Folk Arts, the Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art, Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum, Mikhail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture and many others.
Moscow is famous for its theatres. The best-known of them is the Bolshoi Opera House. Drama theatres and studios are also very popular.
Moscow is a city of students. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in it, including several universities. Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament (the Duma) and the centre of political life of the country.
ВАРИАНТ 3.
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. Washington is the world's largest industry city.
2. He likes plums and pears very much.
3. Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States.
4. My grandmother’s house is situated near the forest.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именами существительными (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. His sister is a ten-year old girl.
2. The new Academy building is not far from my house.
3. This laboratory equipment is quite new.
4. The lecturer named cotton yarn production figures in his report.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall.
2. The longer I stayed in Washington, the more I liked it.
3. This street is as wide as that one.
4. There are not so high buildings as in New York.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. There are some faculties in our Academy.
2. Some 20 students took part in sport competition.
3. Any result in our experiment is of great importance for the whole research.
4. No one knew about this discovery.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский, язык (см. образец
выполнения
3).
1. This student took an active part in the public life of the Academy.
2. The achievements in science will provide for the progress in economy.
3. Our machine-builders use the latest technical achievements in their work.
4. The extra-mural students received paid leaves for their exams.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
WASHINGTON
, DC
Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It is situated in the District of Columbia and is like no other city of the USA. It's the world's largest industry city. And that industry is government. The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme Court, are all in Washington.
Washington was named after the first US President George Washington. He selected the place for the capital and Pierre L'Enfant, a French engineer, designed the city.
Washington was first settled in 1790 and since 1800 it has been the Federal capital.
Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. In the very centre of it rises the huge dome of the Capitol — a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation's affairs. It's easy to get lost in this huge building, full of paintings and statues.
Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress, the largest library in the States. It contains more than 13 million books, more than 19 million manuscripts, including the personal papers of the US presidents.
The White House is the official residence of the US President. He works in the Oval Office.
One can hardly find a park, a square or an open area in Washington without a monument or a memorial. The most impressive and the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument.
There are some important museums in Washington where you can see all kinds of things: famous paintings and sculptures, the dresses of President’s wives, the original of the Declaration of Independence, the largest blue diamond in the world, etc.
There are 5 universities in Washington.
There are no skyscrapers in Washington, because they would hide the city's many monuments from view. No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall.
Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day. People from all parts of the United States come to see their capital.
ВАРИАНТ 4.
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. Everything in St. Petersburg reminds you the time of Peter’s I rule.
2. The historic Second All-Russian Congress of Workers', Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies was in Smolny, in 1917.
3. He always watches TV programme in the evening.
4. Something is wrong with your watches.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определении, выраженных именами существительными (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Не passes his graduation examinations with excellent marks.
2. St. Petersburg’s plants produce automatic control instruments for underground transport.
3. We have a rapidly developing industry.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The St. Petersburg metro is as beautiful as the Moscow one.
2. This film is not so interesting as that one.
3. The more you travel, the better you know our country.
4. This problem was much more important than that one.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Some of these articles are very interesting.
2. Have you any friends in St. Petersburg?
3. There are some 363 bridges in St. Petersburg.
4. No student can translate this article without the help of a dictionary.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский, язык (см. образец
выполнения
3).
1. The legendary cruiser Aurora gave the signal for the assault (штурм) on the Winter Palace.
2. Every monument and every building in St. Petersburg has a history of its own.
3. St. Petersburg will maintain close contacts with other countries.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
ST. PETERSBURG
St Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia and one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It was founded in 1703 by Peter the Great as the «Window to the West». St Petersburg, a city of great beauty, with palaces, cathedrals, churches, and government buildings became the capital.
Under later rulers the new capital of the Russian Empire grew rapidly in wealth and beauty. Architects were brought from Western Europe to lay out the city in harmonious squares. Buildings were constructed of grey and rose-colored granite. The Hermitage Palace and the Winter Palace, the homes of the tsars, were equal to any in Europe.
When the First World War began in 1914, the German-sounding name, St Petersburg, was changed to Petrograd. After the Great October Revolution the city was renamed after Lenin.
During the Great Patriotic War the city suffered a great deal. The German armies laid siege to it in 1941, and for the next year and a half it was cut off from the rest of the country. No-food could be brought in, and people died of starvation; Daily shelling and air raids destroyed parts of the city, thousands of people were killed. Rebuilding took years.
Now St. Petersburg is an important industrial, cultural and educational centre. The population of the city is over 5 million.
St Petersburg is indeed a wonderful city. At every turn there is something to catch your eye. The Winter Palace, the Hermitage, the Russian Museum, St Isaac's Cathedral, the Peter-and-Paul Fortress, the Admiralty building attract thousands of tourists from every comer of the world.
Petersburg's many museums house some of the world's famous art collections. The Hermitage, for example,
ВАРИАНТ
5.
I.
Перепишите
следующие
предложения
.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. This teacher lectures on Physics.
2. His lectures are of great help to us.
3. This city’s art museums enjoy great popularity.
4. The first permanent white settlers came to New York from Holland in 1626.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определении, выраженных именами существительными (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. There are many new machine building factories in the country.
2. It is on Manhattan Island that most of the skyscrapers are located.
3. Many people work in light and food industry enterprises.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. Today there are more people living in the New York City than in Australia, Peru or Sweden.
2. The subway train can go as fast as railroad trains.
3. The Volga is much longer than the Thames.
4. New York moves vertically as well as horizontally.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Today some of this land costs a million dollars an acre.
2. One may find little shops where imitation diamonds and cheap souvenirs are sold.
3. Do you go anywhere in the morning?
4. Any student translated this text without a dictionary.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский, язык (см. образец
выполнения
3).
1. People live on the ground, travel under the ground and work in the sky in New York.
2. These Dutch settlers bought all of Manhattan Island from the Indians.
3. Neither my friend nor I translated this text.
4. Train 348 will return in two days.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
NEW YORK
New York is a city where all the languages of the world are spoken and where people live on the ground, travel under the ground and work in the sky.
New York makes a great impression on all visitors because of its many high buildings, its theatres, museums and hotels, its beautiful bridges, and its expensive shops with their fabulous prices.
The first permanent white settlers came to New York from Holland in 1626. These Dutch settlers bought all of Manhattan Island from the Indians for the equivalent of twenty-five dollars, while today some of this land costs a million dollars an acre. This island is the heart of the city.
It is on Manhattan Island that most of the skyscrapers are located. This island is connected by six long bridges, as well as by tunnels and ferries, with the other four districts that constitute New York City.
New York is the largest city in the United States. Today there are more people living in the New York City than in Australia, Peru or Sweden.
For transportation New York depends mainly on buses, the subway, taxis and ferries. The buses are slow because of the crowded streets, whereas the subway train can go as fast as railroad trains, sometimes stopping only at the most important stations. We may go all day by the subway for the same fare, if we only change trains but do not go out of the stations.
New York moves vertically as well as horizontally, taking its people by elevator to their offices on the fortieth, sixtieth, and eightieth floor.
New York is the richest and the poorest, the most modern and the most old-fashioned of cities. It is the home of expensive hotels and cheap boarding houses, the home of symphonies and popular jazz, of cathedrals and night clubs; the home of the famous Metropolitan Opera and the Metropolitan Museum of Art; the home of most of the largest publishing houses of the United States and the biggest newspapers. On the Fifth Avenue there are many expensive stores of international fame, but around the comer one may find little shops where imitation diamonds and cheap souvenirs are sold.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 2.
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса:
1. Видовременные формы глагола: а) активный залог - формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future); б) пассивный залог - формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future).
Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.
2. Модальные глаголы: а) выражающие возможность: can(could), may и эквивалент глагола can - to be able; б) выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты to have to и to be to; should.
3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (
Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Gerund - герундий, простые формы.
4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.
5. Интернациональные слова.
Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР.
I)
а) Lobachevsky's geometry had revolutionized
mathematics and the philosophy of science.
Геометрия Лобачевского произвела коренное изменение
в математике и философии науки.
Had revolutionized -
Past Perfect Active от глагола to revolutionize.
6) The new laboratory equipment was sent for
yesterday. Вчера послали
за новым оборудованием лаборатории.
Was
sent
for
– Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to
send
.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (К УПР.
II)
1. The changes affecting
the composition of materials are called the chemical changes.
Изменения, влияющие
на состав материалов, называются химическими изменениями.
Affecting
- Participle I, определение.
2. When heated
to the boiling point water evaporates.
Когда
воду нагревают
до точки кипения, она испаряется. (When) heated
- Participle II, обстоятельство.
3.
Heat is radi
ated
by the Sun to the Earth.
Тепло излучается Солнцем на Землю.
Radiated
- Participle II, составная часть видо-временной формы Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to radiate
.
ВАРИАНТ 1
I.
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1.Russian chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.
2. What is the name of the book you have read?
б) 1. When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published.
2. His scientific work is much spoken about.
II.
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните
Participle
I и
Participle
II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите
пре
дложения
на
русский
язык
.
1. Countries wishing to cooperate with us will always find the necessary understanding.
2. When reconstructed, this building looked more beautiful than before.
3. The explanation given was not complete.
4. A simple laboratory experiment demonstrating this principle is shown in Fig. 5.
III.
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите
предложения
на
русский
язык
.
1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.
2. Every engineer must know at least one foreign language.
3. As he received a bad mark, he had to go over the material again.
4. Your brother should consult a dictionary or ask advice.
IV.
Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
PIG BREEDING
The most common rearing system is to leave the piglets with the sow until they are 6 to 8 weeks old. The sow and her litter can be housed in a rearing hut and run on a concrete yard, or reared completely indoors in a pen, or moved out into a clean field and given a rearing hut when the piglets are 10 to 14 days old.
For the first 3 weeks of its life the piglet is almost entirely dependent on its mother's milk. That is why she should be well fed at this time. Infra-red lamps are a great aid in the successful rearing of young pigs.
In order to achieve good weaning weights most farmers give piglets creep food in addition to the sow's milk. Food is first offered in clean, low, metal troughs in the creep when the piglets are between 2 and 3 weeks of age. Initially, scattering a little food on the floor near the troughs will encourage the piglets to start eating. The food provided must be fresh and palatable, and is usually fed dry. Water must be provided in a clean trough close to the food.
Whether the pigs are intended for bacon or pork, the feeding from weaning until they reach 100 (45 kg) or 120 lb (54kg) in weight is the same. The food must be palatable to encourage the pigs to eat the maximum amount, and it must be nutritious and particularly well fortified with protein, minerals and vitamins. So, barley or maize meals are much to be preferred to oats.
From about 120 lb (54 kg) live weight onwards, the feeding of pigs will be varied according to the market for which they are intended.
Bacon pigs are sold at between 190 lb and 210 lb (86 kg and 95 kg) live weight and they must be lengthy animals without excessive quantities of fat. The difficulty is to produce a relatively lean animal at a stage in its life when it would normally be laying down fat. That is why the production of bacon demands the greatest skill in breeding, feeding and management.
ВАРИАНТ 2
1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. Today scientists are still looking for the substance as a source of energy.
2. I have known this fact since our meeting.
б) 1. This lecturer is listened to with great interest.
2. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните
Participle
I и
Participle
II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите
пре
дложения
на
русский
язык
.
1. Molecular crystals are solids constructed of molecules held together by relatively weak forces.
2. The new materials recommended for soil construction were described in the article written by our professor.
3. Having been shown the way I found the office easily.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите
предложения
на
русский
язык
.
1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.
2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.
3. Students are not allowed to smoke in the classrooms.
4. One should agree that the experiment was of great importance for our research.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст
.
SHEEP REARING
The success in sheep rearing is largely dependent upon the choice of a suitable breed of ewe and ram.
Having decided upon the breed of ram, various points must be looked at in selecting a suitable animal. He must be free from disease and foot troubles and must have no broken or missing teeth.
Excessively fat rams are lazy and may temporarily be sterile. The animal must also be well-grown and mature. These points are especially important if a ram-lamb is to be used, that is, one which is under a year old. With a shearing ram, that is, one which has been shorn and is over one year old, these points are less important but much more notice must be taken of whether or not he is fat.
Rams should be selected from the progeny of ewes capable of producing lambs that grow rapidly and produce a good carcass. The only method of ensuring that rams come from prolific and good-mothering strains is to record the performance of a ewe and her offspring.
The aim in selecting a ewe is to get an animal that is prolific and a good mother. Prolificacy, or the ability to produce, if possible, twin-lambs, is influenced by breed as well as by general management. Prolificacy is usually expressed in the form of a lambing percentage. A satisfactory percentage is 150. This means that a flock of 100 ewes produces 150 lambs, some ewes having twins, some triplets, others single lambs.
To judge the mothering ability, one must assess whether a ewe will milk well for at least 8 to 10 weeks, enabling her lamb to grow fast. An important point in selecting breeding ewes concerns their health. Ewes should have sound feet and mouth and have a good udder.
ВАРИАНТ 3.
I.
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. It is the car that will be the transport of the future.
2. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and masses of bodies.
6) 1. Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature.
2. The report will be improved by him by changing the end.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните
Participle
I и
Participle
II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите
пре
дложения
на
русский
язык
.
1. He heard the voices coming through the open window.
2. A balsa tree found in South America is lighter than any other.
3. Soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.
4. When studying elements Mendeleyev found that they were divided into nine groups.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите
предложения
на
русский
язык
.
1. She can tell you everything about cattle.
2. The application of digital (цифровой) computers should include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.
3. He had much work to do yesterday.
4. The team of experts is to study the present situation in agriculture.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
FEEDING OF DAIRY STOCK
A liberal diet is given to the cow in calf for the last 6 or 8 weeks before she is to calve. It is best to prepare the cow slowly so that she has time to build up body reserves. High feeding over a short period is not satisfactory. It should last 2 or 3 months as it is during the last 2 to 3 months of pregnancy that the unborn calf makes its most growth.
Here is one example of a method of feeding giving good results with calves from such breeds as the Ayrshire, Friesian and Shorthorn, or cross-bred calves from these breeds. The calves are removed from their dams, within 12 hours of birth and fed colostrum from a bucket. Alter a few days the colostrum is changed to milk and whole-milk feeding is continued until the end of the second week that is to 14 days of age. During the third week the feed is half milk and half milk substitute mixed with 0.5 gal of warm water and fed twice a day. By about the beginning of the fourth week the changeover to milk substitute will be completed. A little good hay and concentrates should be offered from about 3 weeks of age.
Summer Feeding.
In early spring grass is of high feeding value, and particularly rich in amino acids and proteins. It is laxative and has so little fibre at this time that it becomes necessary to give the cow some fibrous material such as hay or good-quality oat or barley straw. As the summer progresses the grass becomes more mature, more fibre is then available for the proper functioning of the rumen.
Concentrates are usually fed in some small degree to dairy herds in the summer-time. They may be absolutely necessary to supplement poor or inadequate grazing, and they may be necessary in the ration of the cow that is in peak production.
Winter Feeding.
From time immemorial in winter cattle have been fed on a diet consisting wholly or mainly of hay. The practice of providing hay for winter period for all classes of cattle is still very popular. Despite the fact that other kinds of winter forage as kale, cabbage and a variety of kinds of silage are being used now, hay is still by far the most commonly used winter fodder.
ВАРИАНТ 4.
I.
Перепишите
следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. He has forgotten his English since he graduated the Academy.
2. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying the minds of many scientists.
б) 1. Fifty students were admitted to the faculty last August.
2. Many compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.
II.
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните
Participle
I и
Participle
II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите
пре
дложения
на
русский
язык
.
1. They reminded at home refusing to go anywhere that day.
2. Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound.
3. The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom.
4. When started and completed its construction became the best.
III.
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите
предложения
на
русский
язык
.
1. Heat can be divided into three different types.
2. He was to stay at the office until the report was ready.
3. Chemical means had to be used for the separation of compounds into their elements.
4. The existence of this theory laser in the future may be possible.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
THE GESTATION PERIOD (SHEEP)
A higher lambing percentage will result from raising the level of nutrition of ewes before mating. This is called flushing. Where ewes are fat, flushing is a twofold operation. The first involves heavy stocking on bare pasture for about 2 weeks. This allows ewes to lose any surplus of fat they may carry. In the second stage, they are moved on to good sheep pasture which is stocked at normal rates. Raising the level of nutritious stimulates coming into heat (период течки) and higher percentage of twins may be produced in this case.
During the first three months of the gestation period there is no need, in a normal season, to allow ewes anything but grass. Most grazing is sufficiently productive until late in November to feed a pregnant ewe. During the last two months of the pregnancy period management must be of high standard if good results at lambing time and afterwards are to be expected. As there is only little feeding value in grass in the winter months, supplementary feeding of the ewes must begin about December.
A gradual introduction of the additional feed to the ewes will raise the plane of nutrition and keep pace with the increasing feed demands being made on the part of the foetus. The supplementary feeding consists of good-quality hay, roots, silage. Concentrates are of great importance for the final development of the young lamb and should be introduced to the ewes about 4 weeks before lambing.
It is best to keep ewe and lamb for a day or two in a pen until they have settled and the sheepman is sure the lamb is getting plenty of milk. Two or three days after lambing the ewe and her lamb are to be moved into a field which preferably has been rested from sheep for at least 2 months. Lambs are solely dependent upon their mother's milk for the first 2 to 3 weeks of their lives. In order to maintain a high milk yield the feeding must be sufficient to supply the ewe not only for her own maintenance but also with an adequate remount of nutrients for a good level of milk production.
ВАРИАНТ 5.
I.
Перепишите
следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. Many students come to the Academy by their own cars.
2. Laser devices will apparently make it possible to build extremely fast computer elements.
б) 1. A new experiment will be finished soon.
2. The material was looked for many scientific books.
II.
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните
Participle
I и
Participle
II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите
пре
дложения
на
русский
язык
.
1. It’s not only an efficient tool for studying the physical properties of solids.
2. Having obtained the necessary results they stopped their experimental work.
3. When translated, his article was sent to the ICC.
4. All the houses made of wood were burning like paper.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите.
1. A mechanical feeding system should be completely automatically.
2. The water that comes to the field must get to the roots of every plant.
3. The best way of keeping the bull is to have a special barn for him.
4. Man could improve the soil using and discovering more kinds of soils.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY STOCK
In farming practice the majority of calves are born to dairy cows kept for the production of milk for sale. Therefore, in order to rear calves it is frequently necessary to deprive them of their natural feeding and environment and to rear them in some artificial way.
As soon as the calf is removed from its mother, it is important that there is a dry bedding of straw for the calf to lie on and for it to be well away from draughts.
The first milk, or colostrum, produced by the cow after calving has been designed by nature as a food most suited to the needs of the young calf.
If the calf is left with its mother, it will start to suckle almost as soon as it can stand. With calves being removed from their mothers, the first milk must be provided regularly for at least the first 3 or 4 days.
The first 6 months or so in the life of a calf, whether it be ultimately for beef or dairy, is the most important time in the rearing programme. Good feeding and management at this stage are the best means of ensuring the calf grow quickly for production and profit.
It is very common for a heifer to be bred at the age of about 2 years.
The gestation period of the cow is 280 days. Normally, the cow will calve at 12-monthly intervals.
The calf born in autumn will get most of its food from good nutritious grazing during the first summer. The calves certainly grow faster with some grain, and are also better able to resist disease and parasitic troubles. Up to about 2 lb (0.9 kg) of a mainly cereal mixture per head per day is quite adequate. At the same time, a mineral supplement can conveniently be added to the concentrates. A clean water supply is most important.
It is well-known that the sire is half of the herd. That is why the herd bull must be kept in good breeding condition, especially at the time of service. It is also well-known that the ability to produce milk and butterfat can be transmitted to the offspring through the male as well as through the female.
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
Бонк Н.А., Лукьянова Н.А., Памухина Л.Г. Учебник английского языка. Ч.1,2. - М.,1992.
Выборова Г.Е., Махмурян К.С. Easy English. Сборник упражнений по английской грамматике. - М.,1998.
Занина Е.Л. 95 устных тем по английскому языку. – М., 1998.
Murphy Raymond. English grammar in use. – CUP, 1995.
Николенко Т.Г. Тесты по грамматике английского языка. – М., 2000.
Новоселова И.З., Александрова Е.С., Гринева Л.Е., др. Пособие по английскому языку для сельскохозяйственных и лесотехнических вузов. – М., 1984.
Полякова Т.Ю., Синявская Е.В., Тынкова О.И., Улановская Э.С. Английский язык для инженеров. – М.,1998.
РЕКОМЕНДУЕМЫЕ УЧЕБНИКИ И ПОСОБИЯ
Белоусова А.Р., Сперанская Е.Н., Яблокова В.Я. Книга для чтения на английском языке для ветеринаров и зооинженеров. – М.,1979.
Людвигова Е.В., Баженова С.М., Павлова Э.С., Седов Д.Г. Учебник английского языка для вузов заочного обучения. – М.,1968.
Петрова А.В., Понтович С.В. Учебник английского языка для заочных вузов. Ч. 1 и 2. – М., 1961 и более поздние издания.