Методические указания по развитию навыков устной речи для студентов Iкурса Института лесного и лесопаркового хозяйства

department
– отделение, отдел, кафедра

director
- директор

post-graduate
– аспирант

vacations
– каникулы

hall of residence
(syn.
а hostel, dormitory) – общежитие

library -
библиотека

snack-bar
– буфет

curriculum
– учебный план (института)

subject
– предмет

to have an
opportunity
- иметь возможность

to
last
- длиться, продолжаться

to
train
specialists
– готовить специалистов

to head
– возглавлять

at the disposal
- в распоряжении

to get practical knowledge
– получать практические знания

to pass exam
(test) - сдать экзамен (зачет)

to comprise
– включать, охватывать, содержать

to
combine
- объединять, совмещать.

2. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания. Переведите их на русский язык. Выучите
.

the only agricultural Institute;

various branches of agriculture;

a full-time education;

part-time department;

academic year;

to get diploma;

to be headed by the director;

post-graduate course;

highly qualified specialists;

at the disposal of the students;

to take the course of study;

to receive additional qualification;

rather favorable conditions;

curriculum comprises;

the students of senior courses;

the base of getting practical knowledge;

to have possibility

3. Прочитайте, переведите, запомните.

Land Management and Farming Institute

Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Institute

Forestry Institute

Farm Mechanization Institute

Economics and Business Institute

The Institute of Staff Upgrading and Retraining for agro-industrial complex

Humanitarian Studies Institute

Interpreter in the field of professional communication

4. Переведите словосочетания на английский язык:

Кафедра иностранных языков, старшекурсники, учебно-опытное хозяйство, посещать семинары и лекции, экзаменационная сессия, аспирантура, сдать экзамен, получить диплом, изучать курс, профессиональное обучение, специализированные предметы.

5. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Our
Academy
.

Primorskaya State Academy of Agriculture was founded in Primorsky Region in 1957 as an Agricultural Institute and in 1995 it was awarded the status of the Academy.

The Academy trains highly qualified specialists in various branches of agriculture, forestry and land management. It has both full-time and part-time departments. Some 4200 young people get their education here. There are 7 Institutes at the Academy: Land Management and Farming Institute, Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Institute, Forestry Institute, Farm Mechanization Institute, Economics and Business Institute, The Institute of Staff Upgrading and Retraining for agro-industrial complex and Humanitarian Studies Institute. Besides, the students of the Academy have possibility to receive additional qualification “Interpreter in the field of professional communication”. The Academy is headed by the rector and each Institute is headed by the director. Our Academy has also a post-graduated course which trains research workers for agriculture.

There are many departments and structural divisions at the Academy, among them there is the Experimental and Training Farm which has 5,000 ha of arable land and Forestry Farm with 46,00 ha of the first category forests. They are the base of getting practical knowledge.

The course of study lasts 5 years. There are two terms during the academic year. Each term ends with the examinations which take place in January and in June and July. The students should work hard during the academic year to pass their exams successfully. The students have their vacations in winter and in summer.

They go to the Academy every day except Saturday and Sunday. The Academy teaching combines lectures, practical classes and seminars. The students have 3 or 4 classes every day. They have got rather favourable conditions for studies at the Academy: lecture-halls, some computer rooms, gymnasiums, a stadium, snack-bar, reading halls and library are at their disposal. Curriculum comprises a lot of subjects such as maths, history, foreign languages, chemistry, physics, biology, ecological problems, informatics for first-year-students and specialized subjects for students of senior courses which are necessary for their professional training. The students of our Academy live in comfortable halls of residence or rent rooms in town.

The Academy Program is rather complex and it stimulates the student’s interest in his future work. After graduating from the Academy young people go to work to different parts of Russia as agronomists, economists, veterinary surgeons, stock-breeding engineers and foresters.

6. Найдите начало предложений в тексте.

1. … the status of the Academy.

2. … and part-time departments.

3. … research workers for agriculture.

4. … the first category forests.

5. … at their disposal.

6. … for their professional training.

7. … and foresters.

7. Составьте предложения, используя правую и левую части:

1. The Academy trains… a) is headed by the Director.

2. They are the… b) to pass their exams successfully

3. The Academy is headed c) highly qualified specialists

by the Rector and each Institute …

4. The students should work hard d) the base of getting practical

during the academic year … knowledge.

5. The Academy teaching combines … e) it stimulates the student’s

interest in his future work.

6. The students have 3 or … f) lectures, practical classes and

seminars.

7. The Academy program is rather g) 4 classes every day.

complex and …

8. Выразите свое мнение, используя фразы:

- It’s true. You are right.

- It’s false. It is not so.

1. Our Academy was founded in 1957.

2. It was awarded the status of the Academy in 2000.

3. There are 5 Institutes at the Academy.

4. The Academy is headed by the director and each Institute is headed by the Rector.

5. The students of the Academy have possibility to receive the additional qualification “Interpreter in the field of professional communication”.

6. There are two terms during the academic year.

7. Each term ends with vacations.

8. The students go to the Academy every day except Saturday and Sunday.

9. After graduating from the Academy young people go to work to foreign countries as teachers and research works.

9.
Ответьте
на
вопросы
:

1. Where do you study?

2. What specialists does agricultural Institute train?

3. When was our Institute founded?

4. What are the Institutes at the Academy?

5. Is there a snack-bar at our Academy?

6. Is there a library at our Academy?

7. Does the course of study last 5 years?

8. Are there two terms during the academic year?

9. When do the examinations take place?

10. What subjects do you study?

11. Do you like you r winter and summer holidays?

12. What helps you to get practical knowledge?

13. Are there any hostels for the students?

14. Do you live in a hall of residence or rent a flat?

15. At what time do you come to the Academy?

16. What foreign language do you learn?

17. Are you fond of English?

18. Do you speak English at class?

19. Do you want to master English?

20. Do you work at your English regularly?

21. What do you do during the English class?

22. What do you think of the Academy program?

23. Where do young people work after graduating from the Academy?

10. Скажите по-английски:

1. Наша академия готовит специалистов по различным отраслям сельского хозяйства, лесного хозяйства и мелиорации.

2. В институте есть как дневное, так и заочное отделение

3. В академии 7 институтов.

4. Каждый институт возглавляется директором.

5. Наша аспирантура готовит научных работников.

6. Большинство лабораторий хорошо оборудованы.

7. Библиотека обеспечивает студентов литературой по специальным

предметам.

8. Курс обучения длится 5 лет.

9. В учебном году 2 семестра.

10. Каждый семестр заканчивается экзаменом.

11. Мы собираемся стать квалифицированными специалистами.

12. Занятия начинаются в 8 часов и заканчиваются в 3.15.

13. В нашем институте мы изучаем различные предметы, такие как

математика, физика, химия, биология, иностранный язык и др.

14. Что касается меня, я изучаю английский.

15. Я хочу овладеть английский.

11.
Приготовьте сообщения по следующим темам:

The Primorsky State Agricultural Academy;

The course of study.

12. Прочтите следующие фразы. Выучите их:

1. May I introduce myself?

2. May I introduce you to my girlfriend?

3. Did you enjoy meeting them?

4. I enjoyed their company.

5. I’m a bit late.

6. Are you able to help me?

7. I can give you some practice.

8. What is the best solution to this problem?

13. Дополните диалог вопросами, задав их своему товарищу:

A)

You:________________________________________ ?

Ann:
No. it’s not my hobby. It’s my profession.

You: _______________________________________ ?

Ann:
I study at the Art Institute.

You: _______________________________________ ?

Ann:
All you need are paints, brushes, and canvases – and talent!

You: _______________________________________ ?

Ann:
I enjoy it very much.

B)

A:
Hello! My name is Nancy Brown. What ___ your name?

B:
Hi. I ___ Karla Lopes.

A:
___ you new here?

B:
Yes, this is ___ first trip ___ the States. I arrived two days ___.

A:
And why ___ you come to the States?

B:
I ___ to the States ___ an exchange student. I plan ___ improve my English. I’ll ___ living ___ the Perrys ___ six months.

A:
That’s great! I hope ___ enjoy you stay here.

B
:
Thanks.

Part
II
.

1. Прочитайте и переведите тексты:

Cambridge
.

Cambridge is situated at a distance of 70 miles from London; the greater part of the town lies on the left bank of the river Cam.

Cambridge is one of the loveliest towns of England but its dominating factor is the University, a centre of education and learning. Newton, Byron, Darwin and many other scientist and writers were educated at Cambridge. The University consists of 27 colleges, the eldest of which was founded in 1284.

The University trains about 7.000 students. They study there for 4 years, 3 terms a year. The long vacation lasts 3 months. The students trained by a tutor. There is a close connection between the university and colleges, though they are separate in theory and practice.

The students studying literature and those trained for physics may belong to one and the same college. However the fact is that you are to be a member of a college in order to be a member of the University.

Until 1964, undergraduates (students studying for the first degree) had to wear black gowns but now they are only obliged to wear them for dinner and some lectures. This tradition is disappearing but one of which still exists is punting on the Cam. Many students feel that they have not been christened into the University until they have been fallen into the river Cam.

Students have an official excuse to let themselves loose once a year on Rag Day, when they invent different schemes to collect money for charity, play guitars, pianos, violins or even lie in beds, the bucket suspended over the street for moneybox be thrown into.

Notes
:

tutor- руководитель группы студентов

degree- ученая степень

to punt- кататься на лодках с шестом

to let oneself loose- дать себе волю

Rag Day- день студенческих шуток

charity- благотворительность

to suspend- подвешивать

Oxford.

Oxford is like London: it is international, it is very old and it has great charm. It is also a town that grew up near the river Thames. The name Oxford means the part of the river Thames where the oxen (cattle) forded (crossed)?

Oxford is international because people from many parts of the world come to study at its university. They come to study at one of the twenty-seven men’s colleges or at one of the five women’s colleges that are the university: they join the university “family” that has more than 9000 members.

Oxford is old and historical. It has existed since 912. The university was established in 1249. The oldest of the twenty-seven men’s colleges is University College.

You can see the charm of oxford in the green fields and parks which surround the city and you can see the lawns and gardens which surround the colleges. You can see the charm of Oxford in the river Thames and its streams which pass near the city.

Have you learnt anything new about Oxford and Cambridge? What is it?

Do you know?

- There are 44 universities in Britain;

- The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th
and 13th
centuries;

- University degree courses usually extend over 3 or 4 years, but in medicine, dentistry and veterinary service 5 or 6 years are needed;

- About 45% of full-time university students of Britain take arts or social studies courses, 41% science and technology, about 10% study medicine, dentistry, vet. service and so on;

- Admission to the University is done by examination and selection;

- Women are admitted on equal terms with men;

- The word “University”, like the word “College”, meant originally a society of people with a common employment.

-

2. Найдите в данном ниже списке русские эквиваленты следующих пословиц:

1. He will never set the Thames on fire.

2. Live and learn.

3. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.

4. It is never too late to learn.

5. Two heads are better than one.

6. Knowledge is Power.

7. Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

8. Money spent on brain is never spent in vain.

9. Soon learnt soon forgotten.

_______________________________________________________

A
. Учиться никогда не поздно.

B
. Одна голова хорошо, а две лучше.

C
. Знание – сила.

D
.
Недоучка хуже неуча.

E
.
Век живи, век учись.

F
.
Деньги, истраченные на образование, никогда не пропадут.

G
.
Он пороха не выдумает.

H
. Быстро выученное – быстро забывается.

I
.
Утро вечера мудренее.

UNIT
III
.

Разговорная тема :
Времена года и погода. Климат. Человек, растения и природа.

Грамматика:
Безличные предложения. Participle I. Настоящее, прошедшее и будущее продолженное время. Модальные глаголы. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий. Предлоги. Повелительное наклонение.

Part I.

Грамматические упражнения

1.
Переведите
предложения
.

1) It is cold in the room. Can you shut the window, please?

2) My book is on the table, it is interesting.

3) Sometimes it snows in the fall.

4) There is a picture in this room. It is very nice.

5) It is my friend’s room.

6) It seldom rains in October here.

7) Where is your notebook? It is in my bag.

8) It is important to know grammar rules.

2. Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский.

1. Зимой холодно.

2. Это холодная зима.

3. Сегодня очень жарко.

4. Раннее утро. Тепло.

5. Который сейчас час? – Без четверти семь.

3. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод причастия (
Participle
I
).

1. Everybody looked at the dancing girl.

2. The woman standing at the window is my aunt.

3. Entering the room she turned on the light.

4. The boy playing the piano is Ann’s cousin.

5. She went out of the room leaving the door open.

6. Looking out of the window he saw his mother watering the flowers.

4. Сделайте предложения вопросительными и отрицательными.

1. John is writing a letter.

2. I am learning a new rule.

3. The students are discussing their classes.

4. Mother is cooking dinner.

5. We are having a party.

5. Составьте одно предложение из данных ниже двух. Обратите внимание на время.

Model
:
I shaved. The children had breakfast.

I was shaving
while the children were having
breakfast.

1. You had a bath. The girl washed the dishes. 2. You talked to Mary. I talked to John. 3. I made the tea. Jimmy cleaned the car. 4. Alison left the house. Graham fetched the car. 5. I had a holiday in France. My parents worked hard. 6. It rained. I walked up the hill. 7. The house burned down. We slept. 8. The children enjoyed playing card. Their mother chatted in another room.

6.
Откройте
скобки
и
поставьте
глаголы
в
нужную
форму
.

1. George (fall) off the ladder while he (paint) the ceiling.

2. … (you/watch) TV when I phoned you?

3. Ann (wait) for me when I (arrive).

4. I … (not/drive) very fast when the accident (happen).

5. Tom (take) a photograph of me while I (not/look).

6. We (not/go) out because it (rain).

7. What (you/do) at this time yesterday?

7.
Переведите
предложения
.

1. I’ll be visiting Helen this evening. Is there anything you want me to tell her?

2. We’ll be having supper in about twenty minutes, so don’t go out, please.

3. Peter will be carrying the tent, so he can’t carry these sleeping bags.

4. I’ll be giving a party on Sunday, please don’t fail to come.

5. I’ll be having my first judo lesson at this time next week.

8.
Ответьте
на
вопросы
.

Model: -
Are you going to watch the match tomorrow? (work)

- No, I’m not going to watch it because I’ll be working.

1. Are you going to phone your friend now? (sleep)

2. Are you going to bed early? (go to a party)

3. Are you coming to the concert tonight? (do my homework)

4. Are you playing tennis with us tomorrow? (sit for an exam)

5. Are you going to visit us next week? (go to Scotland)

6. Are you going home immediately? (have a holiday first)

9. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на использование модальных глаголов.

1. You can’t cross the street there. 2. You must heat the mixture for two hours. 3. You should control the temperature of the mixture. 4. It may rain today. Take your umbrella. 5. If he doesn’t know how to translate the phrase he should ask the teacher. 6. You mustn’t smoke here. 7. You can start the experiment today. 8. She can speak two foreign languages. 9. When he was a child he could play the piano very well. 10. I can’t drink my tea, it’s too hot. 11. You may take a day off, if you are tired. 12. May I have the test next week? 12. I can’t understand anything in this report. 13. It’s 11 o’clock, you must go to bed at once. 13. On some farms people must clean their shoes before they come into the barn. 14. I have to leave now because I have a lot of work to do at home. 15. He had to work hard last year as he needed a lot of money for his large family. 16. They will have to translate the whole text to understand the meaning of it. 17. You may come a little later tomorrow. 18. I can hear some noise outside. 19. Must I ring him up today? – No, you needn’t, you may do it tomorrow. 20. You have to go and tell him everything now.

10.
Вставьте
нужный
модальный
глагол
.

1. You ____ finish the work today. You ____ do it tomorrow.

2. ____ I take your pen for a moment?

3. Students ____ talk at the lesson.

4. It ____ rain, you ___ take your umbrella.

5. My father ____ speak two foreign languages.

6. I’m in a hurry. Mike and I ____ meet in ten minutes.

7. The shop was closed, so we ____ come again the next day.

11. Используйте модальные глаголы “
must
”, “
mustn
’
t
” или “
needn
’
t
” вместо пропусков.

1. We haven’t got much time. We … hurry.

2. We’ve got a lot of time. We … hurry.

3. Farther gave me a letter. I … forget to post it.

4. You … come to the party if you don’t want to.

5. We have enough food at home so we … go shopping today.

6. This book is very old and expensive. You … look after it very carefully and you … lose it.

12.
Измените
предложения
по
образцу
.

Model:
I’m older than him. – He is younger than me.

1. I’m taller than her. - …

2. He’s bigger than me. - …

3. We’re younger than you. - …

4. Lions are faster than deer. - …

5. Elephants are heavier than bears. - …

6. Wolves are stronger than rabbits. - …

7. Cats can see better than mice. - …

8. They have less free time than their colleagues. - …

9. Vets know more about animals than cooks. - …

13. Откройте скобки и поставьте прилагательное в превосходную степень.

1. Insects make up (large) group of animals.

2. The fair fly is (tiny) insect on Earth.

3. The goliath beetle is (heavy) insect of all.

4. The butterfly is (attractive) insect.

5. (long) insect is a walking stick insect that can reach a length of 33 centimeters.

6. (fast) insect is the dragonfly. It flies at 58 kilometers an hour.

7. (dangerous) insect is the black widow spider.

8. The Nile is (long) river in the world.

9. Lake Superior in the USA is (big) freshwater lake in the world.

10. Every year many people climb up Mount Everest, (high) mountain in the world.

14. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слова
most

:

а) самый, очень
; б) большинство, большая часть.

1. Most needleleaf forests grow in the north of our country. 2. We discussed most important problems at the meeting yesterday. 3. Most students of our group speak English well. 4. Autumn is the most rainy season.

5. This text includes the most difficult words. 6. Most trees near our Institute are broadleaf.

15. Объясните значение следующих поговорок по-русски. Дайте
их
русский
эквивалент
.

1. Those speak most who have the least to say.

2. The busiest man finds the most time.

3. The more the man learns the more he can learn.

4. Second thoughts are best.

16. Заполните пропуски нужными предлогами.

1. When I was a child I spent every holiday … the seaside.

2. These days more and more people live … the suburbs of large cities.

3. My parents live … the tenth floor … an apartment block in the center of Moscow.

4. When he retires he will live … a bungalow … the sea.

5. If we have time we’ll go … the theatre tonight.

6. Her sister was born … Ireland, but she now lives … the United States.

7. … the evening I met my girlfriend; we went … a walk, looked … the moon and talked … love.

8. When I looked … … the window, snow was falling.

9. It’s raining heavily. Take your umbrella … … the bag.

10. They’re building a supermarket … front … our house.

11. Because of the heavy traffic I was late … work this morning.

12. Where is the nearest post office? – It’s just … the corner.

13. The metro station is over there, … the street.

14. How can I get the Moscow University? – Walk … the street, turn … the right … the traffic lights; you will see the University … your left.

15. The mole spends most of its life … the ground. Quite often it comes … the ground at night

.

17. Используйте повелительное наклонение:

Ask your fellow student to:

- open his (her) book

- close his (her) copybook

- give you his (her) pen

- take your pencil

- tell you the time

- tell you his (her) name

Ask your fellow student not to:

- talk so loudly

- leave the classroom

- look out of the window

- laugh at you

- forget to do the homework

- eat in class

18. Переведите на английский язык.

1) Подойдите к доске.

2) Напишите на доске предложение.

3) Не забывайте свои вещи в аудитории.

4) Будьте внимательны.

5) Не шумите.

6) Исправьте свою ошибку.

7) Перестаньте болтать.

8) Не разговаривайте по телефону во время занятий.

Тематический словарь

1. Прочитайте и выучите следующие слова и переведите словосочетания.

breeze
– легкий ветер; a gentle breeze

cloud
– туча, облако ; a big grey cloud

drizzle
– моросящий дождь; it drizzles

dust
- пыль; to raise dust

fog
– туман ; dense (=thick) fog, fog clears (=lifts)

hail
– град; it hails

hoar-frost
– иней; hoar –frost on the trees

ice
– лед; hard ice, ice melts

icicle
– сосулька; an icicle hangs down

lightning
– молния; lightning flashes, lightning strikes

mud
– грязь; to stick in the mud

puddle
– лужа; there are many puddles after the rains

rainbow
– радуга; the rainbow came out

rainfall
– осадки в виде дождя; annual (=yearly) rainfall

sleet
– снег с дождем, мокрый снег; it sleets

slush
– слякоть; the snow turns to slush

storm
– буря; a heavy storm, a storm is gathering

Indian summer
– бабье лето; a lovely period of Indian summer

thunder
– гром; rolls (=claps) of thunder

wind
– ветер; strong wind, wind blows

mild
– мягкий; a mild afternoon

severe
– суровый; severe climate

chilly
– прохладный, холодный; a chilly autumn wind

clear
– ясный; a clear day

degree
– градус; three degree of frost

dry
– сухой, засушливый; a dry year

to freeze (froze, frozen)
– морозить, мерзнуть; to freeze hard

frost
– мороз; light (=slight) frost

heat
– 1) жара; 2) нагревать; intense heat

harvest season
– время сбора урожая; early autumn is harvest season

temperature
– температура; temperature Centigrade

weather
– погода; what is the weather like today?

grow
– расти, выращивать; to grow a tree

soil
– почва; poor soil

sow
– сеять; to sow crops

plow, plough
– пахать; to plow soil

crop
– с/х культура; to grow crops

1. Прочитайте и переведите словосочетания

а) на русский язык:

A breeze from the sea; covered with clouds, cloudy, cloudless sky; a dusty table; covered with ice; icicles on the roof; flash of lightning; a muddy road; puddles in the yard; heavy rain, in the rain, it rains hard (=heavily); a rainbow in the sky; a rainy day; snow melts, snowfall, snowstorm, it snows heavily (=hard); it thunders, thunderstorm; mild climate; severe cold; it clears up, clear sky; fall two degrees, rise three degrees, two degrees above zero, three degrees below zero, two degrees in the shade (in the sun); dry summer; it freezes, hard (=heavy, severe) frost, a frosty morning; the sun heats the ground, heated air; high (low) temperature, temperature rises (=goes up), temperature falls (=goes down); nasty (foggy, stormy, windy) weather, damp (raw, moist, wet) weather, a spell of fine (warm, lovely, sunny) weather, changeable weather, weather forecast.

b
) на английский язык:

Дует легкий ветер; небо покрыто серыми тучами; часто моросит дождь; густой туман, туманный день; идет гард; земля покрыта инеем; лед тает; вспышки молнии; грязные лужи; все цвета радуги; идет мокрый снег; снег превращается в слякоть; теплое бабье лето; гремит гром; сильный ветер; мягкий климат; суровая зима; прохладное утро; проясняется; 20 градусов в тени, 10 градусов мороза, 8 градусов выше (ниже) нуля; засушливый год; сильно подмораживает, ночные заморозки; сильная жара; низкая (высокая) температура, температура понизилась (повысилась); прогноз погоды, сырая погода, переменчивая погода.

2. Дайте определение каждому утверждению из левой колонки, используя слова из правой колонки:

1) a light gentle wind a) thunder

2) a small dirty pool of rain water on the road b) climate

3) a period of calm warm weather which c) puddle

sometimes happens in the early autumn d) weather forecast

4) water falling in drops from the clouds e) rain

5) the sudden loud noise which comes after f) fog

a flash of lightning g) breeze

6) a statement of what the weather is likely h) Indian summer

to be for the next day of few days

7) thick water vapour which is difficult to see

through

8) weather conditions of a place or area

3.
Скажите
по
-
английски
:

Model:
+
10° - ten degrees above (below) zero

3°↑ - temperature rises three degrees

+23°, - 4°, 5°↑, 2°↓, -11°, +17°, 4°↑, 6°↓

4. Подберите подходящие по смыслу существительные к данным прилагательным.

Model
: dark – dark clouds, dark sky, dark night etc.

Thin, dense, mild, occasional, chilly, severe, thick, clear, hot, moderate, heavy, muddy, changeable, hard, cloudy, dry.

5. Используйте следующие прилагательные для описания:

a) good weather; b) bad weather.

Dreadful, lovely, beautiful, awful, nasty, marvelous, terrible, wonderful, miserable, fin
.

Используйте эти же прилагательные в коротких диалогах.

Model
:

- What a wonderful day we’re having today!

- Yes, isn’t the weather marvelous!

-

6. Прочитайте и переведите:

Seasons
and
weather

There are four seasons in the year: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Each of them lasts three months. Every season is beautiful and pleasant in its own way, but also has some negative features.

Every year begins in winter. Winter is the coldest season all over the Northern Hemisphere. In some regions it may be severe: hard frosts and heavy snowfalls become a real disaster. But in our country winters are usually comparatively mild. It often sleets instead of snowing, and the snow turns to slush. The puddles may be not frozen, but still it is cold because of strong northern wind. The most unpleasant thing about winter is that the sun sets early and rises late. The days are short and the nights are long. But when the weather is fine: the sun shines, the air is fresh and frosty and the ground is covered with snow, people go for a walk to the forests and parks, enjoy doing winter sports, such as skating, skiing, sleighing and hockey. Besides we celebrate the most popular holidays: the New Year and Christmas in winter. So this season is favourite for many people.

At the end of March the weather gets gradually warmer. The days become longer and sunnier. Spring comes and nature awakens after a long winter sleep. Everything is full of life and joy. All kinds of plants and flowers come out filling the air with their fragrance. Birds come back from the south and build nests for their young. Although the weather generally clears up, spring is sometimes a very rainy season. There may be occasionally heavy rains, even with hail, in springtime. Spring is a busy season for farmers and people whose hobby is gardening. They must sow and start cultivating most crops. And their hard work in spring will result in high yields of fruit, vegetables and cereals in harvest season.

Spring is followed by summer. The weather gets still warmer and often is very hot. Sometimes heat can be really unbearable. The sky is blue and cloudless almost every day. But heavy thunderstorms with flashes of lightning also occur in summer, they moisten the ground, which is essential for plants, and make the air fresher and easier to breath. There often appears a beautiful rainbow in the sky after the thunderstorm. Most people have their holidays in summer. They can go the seaside to lie in the sun and to swim in the sea, or just go hiking to the forest or to the mountains. In either way they come back to their work or studies refreshed and full of vitality.

Then autumn sets and the nature fades away. This season is also called “fall” because it is the period of falling leaves. The first part of autumn is the harvest time for many crops. Early autumn days are generally wаrm and nights are cool. As winter approaches, the air becomes chillier and frost often occurs at night. The sky is most overcast with low grey clouds. It often rains and drizzles. In October while the leaves are turning color and falling from the trees there comes the mild pleasant period of Indian summer. The days become noticeably wаrmer. The sun shines softly, the sky turns rich blue, the air is smoky and still, with almost no wind. Indian summer lasts from a week to 10 days, and sometimes for two weeks. In late November the freezing of lakes and streams and the first snowstorms mark the end of autumn.

7.
Ответьте на вопросы
:

1) What is the weather like in winter (spring, summer, autumn)?

2) What is the average temperature in winter (spring, summer, autumn)?

3) Which season is the hottest (coldest, rainiest) in the year?

4) What is the best season for tourism (sports)?

5) Why is autumn also called “fall”?

6) What period do we call Indian summer?

7) What are the advantages and disadvantages of each season?

8) Which is your favourite season and why?

8.
Заполните пропуски нужными предлогами
.

1) When the winter is mild, it often sleets instead ___ snowing, and the snow turns ___ slush.

2) The winters in our region may be rather cold because ___ strong northern wind.

3) Winter is a favourite season ___ many people.

4) The weather gets gradually warmer ___ the end of March.

5) Flowers fill the air ___ their fragrance.

6) There is often a rainbow ___ the sky ___ the thunderstorm.

7) People can enjoy lying ___ the sun in summer.

8) Indian summer usually lasts ___ a week ___ 10 days, and sometimes ___ two weeks.

9. Найдите и выпишите их текста пары антонимов.

The sun comes up in the east and goes down in the west. When the sun rises, it is morning. When the sun sets, it is evening. When the sun is in the sky, it is light. During the night, if the moon is not shining, it is dark.

December, January and February are the winter months. The summer months are June, July and August. In winter the days are short and the nights are long. In spring and autumn there are sometimes cold days, but there are also days when the weather is warm.

10. Составьте предложения из следующих слов.

1) drops, the, of, grass, fell, rain, the, on, first

2) is, summer, of, the, weather, October, called, Indian, sunny, in, spell

3) the, roofs, hang, of, the, icicles, from, houses

4) blue, great, the, sky, in, clouds, there, white, are

11. Составьте предложения с данными словами по образцу, учитывая, какой частью речи они являются.

Model:

- It often rains
. (verb)

- There is often rain
. (noun)

- It is often rainy
. (adjective)

Sunny, sun, hot, snow (v.), snow (n.), wind, windy, cold (adj..), cool, cloud, cloudy, warm, fog, foggy.

12. Заполните пропуски в тексте данными ниже словами.

But, fairly, temperature, short, rains, know, changeable, people, winters, long, in a row, often, the weather, does.

Weather in Britain

In Britain ___ is very ___: it ___ a lot, but the sun often shines too. ___ can be ___ cold, with an average ___ of 5°C in the south; there is often snow.

Summers can be cool or warm, but the temperature ___ not usually go above 30°C. it is ___ cloudy, and there are rains for days or weeks ___. Days are ___ in summer and ___ in winter. There are sometimes fogs, ___ not so often as foreigners think. The British ___ never ___ what tomorrow’s weather will be like.

13.
Скажите
,
соответствует
ли
это
действительности
.

1. It often pours with rain in the desert.

2. It gets quite chilly in the desert in the evening.

3. Thunder makes a noise.

4. Lightning can kill people.

5. A shower is a gentle breeze.

6. A spell of hot weather may end in a thunderstorm.

7. If it is humid, the air will be very dry.

8. Below zero, water turns to ice.

9. Heavy rain means that it is pouring with rain.

10. When it’s foggy, you need sunglasses.

14. Заполните пропуски в тексте необходимыми словами.

A. Drier, humid, spell, winds, hot, blows, snows, heavy.

The greatest influence of Japanese weather is the wind. During the summer it … from the Pacific, causing … and humid weather, but in winter the northwesterly … from Siberia are very cold and it … heavier on the mountains in the North West. The south-eastern parts receive cold dry air. Between June and mild July, there is a … of wet weather when the rice fields get the water vital for growth. After that, there is less … rain, but the air is still … . Autumn, however, is … and usually very pleasant.

B. melts, sleet, frost, blizzards, thaws, snowdrifts, slush, icy.

My first experience with real winter weather was when I went to Northern Canada. I was used to the sort of snow that falls in London, which quickly turns into brown … with the people walking on it. In fact most of the time I was in London, it didn’t really snow properly, it was mostly … . Apart from that, British winters meant a bit of white … in my garden and occasionally having to drive very carefully on … roads early in the morning. I had never experienced the … and … that can paralyse a whole city in less than an hour and close roads completely. However, when the earth finally … and all the snow … away in spring, everything comes to life again and looks more beautiful than ever.

15. Определите значение идиом в следующих предложениях. Дайте их русские эквиваленты. Составьте ситуации с ними
.

1. Did you see that dog chase those two cats? It went like the wind
.

2. I’m going to get up early tomorrow morning, come rain or shine.

3. I’m certainly not going to spend all my money. I’m going to save some for a rainy day.

4. I don’t think you should worry about the incident too much. It’ just a storm in a teacup.

5. Our teacher has tried to explain it to us several times, but I’m still in a complete fog.

6. I’ve enjoyed living here, but now there’s a cloud on the horizon.
They are planning to build a new office block right opposite our house.

7. We are having a lot of problems at the moment, but we’ll weather the storm
if we stay together.

16.
Переведите пословицы
.

- March winds and April showers bring forth May flowers.

- A wet and windy May fills the barn with corn and hay.

- Mist in May and heat in June make the harvest right soon.

- If the first of July be rainy weather, it will rain more or less forty days together.

- Everything is good in its season.

- Every cloud has a silver lining.

- The longest day will have an end.

- It never rains but it pours.

Part
II
.

1. Прочитайте слова и словосочетания. Выучите их.

plant
– растение; сажать

grass
– трава

grassland
– травяные угодья

flower
– цветок; цвести

blossom
– цветок (на дереве); цвеcти (о деревьях)

high
– высоко, высокий

height
– высота

mountain
– гора

desert
– пустыня

species
– вид, разновидность, род

ago
– тому назад; (not) long ago

impossible
– невозможный, невозможно; it’s impossible

without
– без

to
breathe
– дышать

breath
– дыхание

food
– пища, продовольствие, корм; кормить, подавать (топливо, корм)

animal
– животное; animal products

useful
– полезный

use
– употреблять, использовать, применять; in use

thing
– вещь, нечто существующее

timber
– лесоматериалы, строевой лес

wood
– лесоматериал, лес

forest
– лес

to
change
–
менять, изменять

exchange
–
обмен

seed
–
семя, зерно, семена; to seed

to
develop
–
развивать(-ся), разрабатывать

development
–
развитие

grain
–
зерно, структура (дерева)

knowledge
–
знание

unknown –
неизвестный

scientist –
ученый

science –
наука

certainly –
конечно

simple –
простой; simplicity

nature –
природа; natural

earth
–
земной шар, земля

ground
–
почва, земля

land
–
земля, суша

to
link
–
соединять, связывать

sunlight –
солнечный свет

matter –
материя, вещество; as a matter of fact; What is the matter?

leaf
(
leaves
) –
лист (листья)

during
–
в течение (о времени)

to die –
умирать; dead; death

necessary –
необходимый

enough
–
достаточно

population
–
население

soon
–
вскоре

to
want
–
хотеть, желать

conservation
–
сохранение

protection
-
защита, охрана

to
protect
-
охранять, сохранять

to
keep
–
держать, хранить

word
–
слово

unit
–
единица; единица измерения; установка

cell
–
клетка (биологическая); ячейка

thin
–
тонкий; редкий

thick
–
толстый; густой

paper
–
бумага

woody
–
древесный;

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова и словосочетания..

Plants, man and plants; grass, flowers, trees; trees grow everywhere; high in the mountains; far out in the ocean; polar regions, in many deserts and polar regions; over 350 000 species of plants; the giant sequoia trees; over 100 metres high, about 9 metres wide; living things; pines; impossible; without; we breathe, we breathe oxygen; animals eat plants; man built houses; useful products; to get food; fields of grain; to grow food plants; to sow the seeds; develop new plants; in this way man developed new plants; for example; for instance; wild corn; little ears of wild corn; to use grain; over large territory.

3. Прочитайте и переведите предложения.

1) Plants grow everywhere.

2) Plants grow in many deserts and polar regions.

3) There are over 350 000 species of plants.

4) We see some plants only with a microscope.

5) Sequoia trees are over 100 metres high and about 9 metres wide.

6) There are platans in Russia 2000 years old.

7) Life is impossible without plants.

8) Plants also give beauty.

9) Man began to change plants about 10 000 years ago.

10) Christopher Columbus came to the New World.

11) The new corn grew over large territories there.

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Man
and
Plants

Plants – grass, flowers and trees – grow everywhere: high in the mountains, far out in the ocean and in many deserts and Polar Regions.

There are over 350 000 species of plants. Some are so small, that we see them only with a microscope; some are very large, such as the giant sequoia trees in California, they are over 100 metres high and about nine metres wide. Plants are very old living things. Pine trees live 300-350 years. There are platans in Russia 2000 years old.

Life is impossible without plants, everyone knows it. We breathe the oxygen which comes from plants; we eat the food which also comes from plants or from animals that eat plants. Many thousand years ago man built houses and made useful things from timber which he got from trees. He made his clothing from plants too.

Plants also give beauty. People like to look at flowers, at fields of grain, they like to be in the forest.

Man began to change plants about 10 000 years ago, when he began to grow the first food plants. The first farmers saw that there were good plants and not so good plants. They sowed the seeds of good plants from them. In this way man developed the basic food crops of the world. For example, the Indians developed little ears of wild corn into large ears with many grains, which we use today. When Christopher Columbus came to the New World the new corn grew over large territory there.

5. Перескажите текст по следующей схеме.

1. The title of the text (article). The title of the text is …

The text is entitled …

The text comes under the title…

2. The main idea of the text (article). The main idea of the text is …

The text is about …

The text is devoted to …

The text deals with …

3. The contents of the text (article). According to the text …

The author touches upon (illu-

strates, raises a problem of,

describes}

In conclusion …

The author comes to the con-

clusion that …

4. You opinion of the text (article). I found the text interesting (useful,

of no value, too hard to under-

stand)

I think (believe, should say, con-

sider)

In my opinion …

It seems to me …

From my point of view…

6. Прочитайте, переведите и воспроизведите диалог.

(Peter comes to see Kate in her hostel)

Peter:
May I come in? Hello, Kate. I saw you in the reading room in the evening. What did you read?

Kate:
Hello, Peter. I read about plants in the English encyclopedia. It was very interesting. Do you know how many plants there are in the world?

Peter:
Haven’t got any idea. How many?

Kate:
Scientists think, there are over 350 000 but nobody knows for sure. And do you know the difference between plants and animals?

Peter:
Certainly. They look absolutely different.

Kate:
Now I see you don’t. Plants make their own food; animals do not make food. They eat plants or other animals that eat plants. Isn’t it interesting?

Peter:
It is, and very simple. Now I understand the difference between them.

Kate:
Let’s read this encyclopedia tomorrow. I’m going to help you with your English, you know.

Peter
:
Thank you, Kate.

7. Прочитайте и переведите слова и словосочетания.

Organic nature; on the Earth, one third of the Earth; to live without plants; the cycle of nature; natural process; the sun gives energy; living things; to accumulate sunlight; to use sunlight; to give off oxygen, to give off oxygen during the natural process; to breathe in the oxygen; to breathe out carbon dioxide; water and minerals; after plants and animals die; a hectare of pine forest; 20 000 square kilometers; enough oxygen for the population; to play a very important part; conservation and protection of nature.

8. Прочитайте и переведите текст со словарем.

Plants and Nature

Plants and animals are organic nature. On the Earth plants make one third.

Animals and man will not live without plants, because the cycle of nature links them. This natural process gives men and animals oxygen and food. The Sun gives energy for this process. Plants are special living things: they accumulate and make organic matter from inorganic in their leaves. Plants use sunlight and make their food; they give off oxygen into the air during this process. Man and animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide, which plants combine with sun energy, water and minerals from the soil and in this way make their food. After plants and animals die, rotting process will give back minerals to the soil, where plants will again use them.

Plants also play a very important part in conservation and protection of soil, water and animals. They protect soil from the wind and keep water in the soil.

Trees give off a lot of oxygen into the air. For example, a hectare of pine forest gives oxygen for ten people. It is necessary to have 1000 square kilometers of forest for ten million people.

If there are many parks and trees in a city and many forests around it, then its population will have enough oxygen to breathe.

9. Составьте аннотацию текста.

Кавтрова Надежда Викторовна

Английский язык: методические указания по развитию навыков устной речи для студентов I курса Института лесного и лесопаркового хозяйства. Часть I

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