1. In
September 1944 London was bombarded by the world's first ballistic
missile, V2, "Vengeance Weapon No. 2". It did not make the
slightest deflection in the course of the World War II, however gave
an impetus to brainwork of American and Soviet rocketeers.
In
the course of Hermes operation in 1945 American agents secretly took
a group of German rocketeers away from the Soviets' occupation zone.
The group was headed by Walter Dornberger, the leader of the Nazi
missile project, and Werner von Braun, General Designer of A-4
missile (first name V-2). In addition, parts necessary for assembly
of one hundred of missiles were taken across the Atlantic.
2. Sergei
Korolyov, who was sent to Germany with the same mission, also managed
to select some German specialists, documents and materials. One of
such engineers was Helmut Grettrup, Braun's assistant in electronics.
The last event on the "rocketry scene" in '45 was a trial
launch of several V-2s, organized by General Eisenhower. Those
launches were attended by the future General Designer of the Soviet
rockets, Sergei Korolyov. A little after the ex-Allies cast the veil
of secrecy and began to actively analyze their trophies. Mr. Braun
and his companions tested A-4 missile in White) Sands, New Mexico.
Korolyov did the same on Kapustin Yar rocket range in Russia. Helmut
Grettrup and 150 more engineers designed G-1 rocket, based on A-4
prototype.
Mr.
Korolyov and his teammates clearly saw weak spots of A-4, however
Stalin's order sounded unambiguously: the rocket had to be duplicated
without any modifications. On September 1947 the first Soviet
analogue, R-1, was launched in Kapustin Yar. Simultaneously, a new,
improved missile was being designed, R-2. It was commissioned in
1951. Laterthe experimental rocket R-3Aand its following
modification, R-5 were created. I_By the early '50s Soviet rocketeers
had enough experience creating one-stage ballistic missiles. A group
of German scientists headed by Mr. Grettrup also presented their
project in 1947. Although the project offered quite advanced
solutions, it was not approved and the Germans were soon repatriated.
3. In
1947, Mr. M.K. Tikhonravov, a Head of the group studying multistage
rockets at the Research Institute of Artillery, proposed to use a
bunch, or a "packet" of R-3 rockets as the first stage.
This was named "packet design". During the years 1949-1950
Tikhonravov group designed a project of a two-stage packet-design
rocket. Calculations proved that this rocket was able to deliver
three tons to a distance of 3000 km and, what is more important, a
spacecraft could be lifted to the Earth orbit. In the beginning of
1953 the Soviet Government commanded to start a project on creation
of R-7, a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile.
4. Concurrently
with the creation of "the seven", a spacecraft was also
being designed. By the end of 1955 the preliminary project was ready
and creation of Sputnik began. According to the project, the
satellite had to weigh some 1400 kg and bear 300 kg of scientific
equipment. However, parameters of the supposed carrier did not allow
the lift this much load. The decision was made to cut the weight of a
satellite at the expense of scientific equipment.
5. As
we remember, first-rate German specialists and parts of rockets were
brought to the United States. In 1946 at the White Sands Range the
first launch of A-4 rocket was made. The Americans started developing
their rocketry program and Werner von Braun had no small share in it.
He was the General Designer of a two-stage rocket named Bumper, where
A-4 itself served as the first stage. On July 24,1950, Bumper was
launched from a new range located on the Canaveral Cape. In the same
year Research Center moved from the White Sands to the Redstone
Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama and Mr. Braun's team began to
work on the Redstone rocket which also was a further modification of
A-4.
Back
in Peenemuende, Germany Werner von Braun already matured plans of
orbiting a satellite for spying upon adversary. These were plans to
create a two-stage powerful rocket based on A-4, which would be able
to develop the first cosmic velocity with spaceborne payload. That
project died adorning.
In
1948 the Secretary of Defense of the U.S. announced the intentions to
orbit a shell-satellite in the nearest future, for military purpose,
of course. This project required colossal expenses on both creation
of a booster rocket and a spacecraft. It was just about the time when
semiconductor transistor was only patented; electronics would have
become miniature much later.
In
1951 members of the British Interplanetary Society issued their work
titled "Minimum Satellite", where a concept of orbiting of
a satellite was described at utilization of existing technologies and
components. One of the problems encountered by creators of a
two-stage rocket was startup of the second-stage engines in
weightlessness. Liquid propellant would not flow to where it was
necessary. To make a solid fuel stage, a completely new class of
solid propellants had to be created. In a packet design rocket the
engines of the both stages could be started up already on earth which
led to some loss in hoist capacity, but added much robustness.
The
Second International Geophysical Year was proclaimed since July 1957
through December 1958. Within the framework of this event the U.S.
and the USSR were going to launch their first satellites. The
Americans announced their intention in July 1955. The ad hoc
committee chose the Vanguard project, proposed by the Naval Research
Laboratory.
However,
in 1955 Dwight Eisenhower, the then President of the U.S., announced
about the priority of military projects. This made the civil program
Vanguard a matter of secondary importance. The Martin Company (now
Lockheed Martin), where Vanguard rocket was being created, obtained
the order on creation of Titan ballistic missile. The most of the
company's resources were retargeted to the military project.
In
February 1956 the Vanguard rocket was ready. The 'Martin Company and
NRL carried out a number of trial launches from December 1956 to
October 1957. The launch of a satellite was scheduled to December
1957.
While
the Martin Company built their Vanguard, Mr. Braun's team designed
their Redstone rocket. A modified A-4 was used as the first stage,
the second and third ones were packets of solid propellant
accelerators. That rocket was first launched in September 1956. The
carrier delivered a dummy warhead over a distance of 5300 kilometers.
6. In
1955 near Tyura-Tam station in Kazakhstan construction of a rocket
range began, which later became Baikonur Spaceport. On
May 15 the first
"seven" started from this range. The first three launches
failed. On August 21 the fourth launch was made. The rocket
successfully started and several days after the debris of its head
were found in prescribed region on Kamchatka Peninsula.
7. Americans
realized that orbiting of the first satellite in the USSR was a
matter of weeks. They even called a conference devoted to the
subject. The conference was scheduled on October 4, 1957, but a few
hours later the world was told the news: the USSR was the first state
to launch an artificial satellite, Sputnik.
On
December, 6 the Vanguard carrier exploded on a launchpad. The first
American satellite, Explorer I, was orbited on January 31,1958, by a
modified Redstone carrier named Jupiter C.
4
THE MAGNIFICENT
SEVEN
In September 1944 London
was bombarded by the world's first ballistic missile, V2, "Vengeance
Weapon No. 2". It did not make the slightest deflection in the
course of the World War II, however gave an impetus to brainwork of
American and Soviet rocketeers.
In the course of Hermes
operation in 1945 American agents secretly took a group of German
rocketeers away from the Soviets' occupation zone. The group was
headed by Walter Dornberger, the leader of the Nazi missile project,
and Werner von Braun, General Designer of A-4 missile (first name
V-2). In addition, parts necessary for assembly of one hundred of
missiles were taken across the Atlantic.
Sergei Korolyov, who was
sent to Germany with the same mission, also managed to select some
German specialists, documents and materials. One of such engineers
was Helmut Grettrup, Braun's assistant in electronics. The last event
on the "rocketry scene" in '45 was a trial launch of
several V-2s, organized by General Eisenhower. Those launches were
attended by the future General Designer of the Soviet rockets, Sergei
Korolyov. A little after the ex-Allies cast the veil of secrecy and
began to actively analyze their trophies. Mr. Braun and his
companions tested A-4 missile in White) Sands, New Mexico. Korolyov
did the same on Kapustin Yar rocket range in Russia. Helmut Grettrup
and 150 more engineers designed G-1 rocket, based on A-4 prototype.
Mr. Korolyov and his
teammates clearly saw weak spots of A-4, however Stalin's order
sounded unambiguously: the rocket had to be duplicated without any
modifications. On September 1947 the first Soviet analogue, R-1, was
launched in Kapustin Yar. Simultaneously, a new, improved missile was
being designed, R-2. It was commissioned in 1951. Laterthe
experimental rocket R-3Aand its following modification, R-5 were
created. I_By the early '50s Soviet rocketeers had enough experience
creating one-stage ballistic missiles. A group of German scientists
headed by Mr. Grettrup also presented their project in 1947. Although
the project offered quite advanced solutions, it was not approved and
the Germans were soon repatriated.
In 1947, Mr. M.K.
Tikhonravov, a Head of the group studying multistage rockets at the
Research Institute of Artillery, proposed to use a bunch, or a
"packet" of R-3 rockets as the first stage. This was named
"packet design". During the years 1949-1950 Tikhonravov
group designed a project of a two-stage packet-design rocket.
Calculations proved that this rocket was able to deliver three tons
to a distance of 3000 km and, what is more important, a spacecraft
could be lifted to the Earth orbit. In the beginning of 1953 the
Soviet Government commanded to start a project on creation of R-7, a
two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile.
Concurrently with the
creation of "the seven", a spacecraft was also being
designed. By the end of 1955 the preliminary project was ready and
creation of Sputnik began. According to the project, the satellite
had to weigh some 1400 kg and bear 300 kg of scientific equipment.
However, parameters of the supposed carrier did not allow the lift
this much load. The decision was made to cut the weight of a
satellite at the expense of scientific equipment.
As we remember,
first-rate German specialists and parts of rockets were brought to
the United States. In 1946 at the White Sands Range the first launch
of A-4 rocket was made. The Americans started developing their
rocketry program and Werner von Braun had no small share in it. He
was the General Designer of a two-stage rocket named Bumper, where
A-4 itself served as the first stage. On July 24,1950, Bumper was
launched from a new range located on the Canaveral Cape. In the same
year Research Center moved from the White Sands to the Redstone
Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama and Mr. Braun's team began to
work on the Redstone rocket which also was a further modification of
A-4.
Back in Peenemuende,
Germany Werner von Braun already matured plans of orbiting a
satellite for spying upon adversary. These were plans to create a
two-stage powerful rocket based on A-4, which would be able to
develop the first cosmic velocity with spaceborne payload. That
project died adorning.
In 1948 the Secretary of
Defense of the U.S. announced the intentions to orbit a
shell-satellite in the nearest future, for military purpose, of
course. This project required colossal expenses on both creation of a
booster rocket and a spacecraft. It was just about the time when
semiconductor transistor was only patented; electronics would have
become miniature much later.
In 1951 members of the
British Interplanetary Society issued their work titled "Minimum
Satellite", where a concept of orbiting of a satellite was
described at utilization of existing technologies and components. One
of the problems encountered by creators of a two-stage rocket was
startup of the second-stage engines in weightlessness. Liquid
propellant would not flow to where it was necessary. To make a solid
fuel stage, a completely new class of solid propellants had to be
created. In a packet design rocket the engines of the both stages
could be started up already on earth which led to some loss in hoist
capacity, but added much robustness.
The Second International
Geophysical Year was proclaimed since July 1957 through December
1958. Within the framework of this event the U.S. and the USSR were
going to launch their first satellites. The Americans announced their
intention in July 1955. The ad hoc committee chose the Vanguard
project, proposed by the Naval Research Laboratory.
However, in 1955 Dwight
Eisenhower, the then President of the U.S., announced about the
priority of military projects. This made the civil program Vanguard a
matter of secondary importance. The Martin Company (now Lockheed
Martin), where Vanguard rocket was being created, obtained the order
on creation of Titan ballistic missile. The most of the company's
resources were retargeted to the military project.
In February 1956 the
Vanguard rocket was ready. The 'Martin Company and NRL carried out a
number of trial launches from December 1956 to October 1957. The
launch of a satellite was scheduled to December 1957.
While the Martin Company
built their Vanguard, Mr. Braun's team designed their Redstone
rocket. A modified A-4 was used as the first stage, the second and
third ones were packets of solid propellant accelerators. That rocket
was first launched in September 1956. The carrier delivered a dummy
warhead over a distance of 5300 kilomet
In
1955 near Tyura-Tam station in Kazakhstan construction of a rocket
range began, which later became Baikonur Spaceport. On
May 15 the first
"seven" started from this range. The first three launches
failed. On August 21 the fourth launch was made. The rocket
successfully started and several days after the debris of its head
were found in prescribed region on Kamchatka Peninsula.
Americans realized that
orbiting of the first satellite in the USSR was a matter of weeks.
They even called a conference devoted to the subject. The conference
was scheduled on October 4, 1957, but a few hours later the world was
told the news: the USSR was the first state to launch an artificial
satellite, Sputnik.
On December, 6 the
Vanguard carrier exploded on a launchpad. The first American
satellite, Explorer I, was orbited on January 31,1958, by a modified
Redstone carrier named Jupiter C.
4
ВЕЛИКОЛЕПНАЯ
«СЕМЕРКА»
В сентябре
1944 года на Лондон
упала первая
в мире баллистическая
ракета "Фау-2".
Для человечества
это было вступление
в ракетную
эпоху (правда,
оно узнало об
этом несколько
позже), для жителей
Лондона - новая
опасность.
Ракета
"Фау-2" не оказала
сколько-нибудь
существенного
влияния на ход
второй мировой
войны. Зато она
дала обильную
пищу для размышлений
американским
и советским
ракетчикам.у
Поэтому
в 1945 году была
проведена
операция "Гермес",
в ходе которой
из советской
зоны оккупации
были вывезены
специалисты-ракетчики
во главе с Вальтером
Дорнбергером,
руководителем
немецкой ракетной
программы, и
Вернером фон
Брауном, главным
конструктором
А-4. Также за океан
были вывезены
детали, достаточные
для сборки ста
ракет.
Однако
Королеву, который
был направлен
в Германию с
теми же целями,
тоже достались
материалы,
детали ракет
и специалисты.
В частности,
в его распоряжение
был предоставлен
Хельмут Греттруп
- главный специалист
по электронике
в Пенемюнде.
Последним
"ракетным"
событием в
Европе в сорок
пятом году стал
пробный пуск
нескольких
ракет "Фау-2",
проведенный
по инициативе
генерала Эйзенхауэра.
На этих пусках
присутствовал
будущий генеральный
конструктор
советских ракет
С.П. Королев.
После чего
бывшие союзники
отгородились
завесой секретности
и начали активно
изучать трофеи.
Браун со своей
командой проводил
тестовые пуски
ракет А-4 в Уайт
Сэндз, штат
Нью-Мексико.
Королев занимался
тем же самым
на полигоне
Капустин Яр.
Хельмут Греттруп
и еще около 150
специалистов
проектировали
на базе А-4 ракету
Г-1.
Тем
временем в 1947
году при НИИ
Артиллерийских
наук М.К. Тихонравовым
была создана
группа по изучению
многоступенчатых
ракет. Именно
тогда Михаилу
Клавдиевичу
пришла в голову
мысль использовать
в качестве
первой ступени
связку или
пакет ракет
Р-3, такая схема
и получила
название пакетной.
В конце 1947 года
результаты
работы группы
Тихонравова
были доложены
Королеву, и
сильно его
заинтересовали.
Работа над
пакетной схемой
была продолжена.
В течение 1949-1950
гг. группой
Тихонравова
был разработан
проект двухступенчатой
ракеты, где
первую ступень
представлял
собой пакет
из трех ракет
Р-3. Согласно
расчетам, эта
ракета могла
доставить груз
массой 3 тонны
на расстояние
до 3000 км, а главное
- вывести космический
аппарат на
околоземную
орбиту. В начале
1953 года вышло
постановление
Совета министров
о начале проектных
работ по созданию
двухступенчатой
межконтинентальной
баллистической
ракеты Р-7.
Параллельно
с созданием
"семерки" шло
проектирование
космического
аппарата. К
концу 1955 года
предварительный
проект был
готов, и с января
1956 года началось
создание спутника.
Согласно проекту
спутник должен
был весить
около 1400 кг и нести
на себе 300 кг
научной аппаратуры.
Однако характеристики
предполагаемого
носителя не
позволяли
ракете вывести
на орбиту подобную
нагрузку. К
тому же создание
самого аппарата
явно затягивалось.
Было принято
решение уменьшить
массу спутника
за счет научной
аппаратуры.
Как мы
помним, в Соединенные
Штаты были
вывезены
первоклассные
немецкие специалисты
и детали ракет.
В 1946 году на полигоне
Уайт Сэндз был
произведен
первый пуск
ракеты А-4. Американцы
начали развивать
свою ракетную
программу.
Вернер фон
Браун играл
в ней не последнюю
роль. Он был
главным конструктором
двухступенчатой
ракеты "Бампер",
где первой
ступенью была
собственно
ракета А-4. 24 июля
1950 года ракета
"Бампер" была
запущена с
нового полигона,
находящегося
на мысе Канаверал.
Примерно в это
же время исследовательский
центр был перенесен
из Уайт Сэндза
в Редстоунский
арсенал, находящийся
в городе Хантсвилл,
штат Алабама.
Группа Брауна
начала разрабатывать
ракету Redstone,
также являющуюся
дальнейшей
разработкой
концепции А-4.
Планы
запуска ИСЗ
для наблюдения
за противником
фон Браун вынашивал
еще в Пенемюнде.
На основе А-4
предполагалось
создание
двухступенчатой
мощной ракеты,
способной
достичь первой
космической
скорости с
полезной нагрузкой
на борту. Этот
проект не был
даже доведен
до эскизов.
В 1948 году
министр обороны
США заявил о
намерении в
ближайшее время
вывести на
орбиту спутник-снаряд.
Разумеется,
тоже военного
назначения.
Этот проект
требовал огромных
затрат как на
создание
ракеты-носителя,
так и на создание
собственно
аппарата.
Только-только
был запатентован
полупроводниковый
транзистор,
и электронике
еще предстояло
стать миниатюрной.
В 1951 году
члены Британского
Межпланетного
Общества издали
работу "Minimum Satellite",
в которой излагалась
концепция
запуска спутника
с использованием
уже существующей
техники и элементной
базы.
Одной
из проблем, с
которой столкнулись
создатели
двухступенчатой
ракеты – запуск
двигателей
второй ступени
в состоянии
невесомости.
Заставить
жидкость в
состоянии
невесомости
течь в нужном
направлении
никак не удавалось.
Для создания
твердотопливной
ступени было
необходимо
разработать
принципиально
новый класс
твердых взрывчатых
веществ. На
ракете, построенной
по пакетной
схеме, можно
было еще на
Земле запускать
двигатели обеих
ступеней, что
вело к некоторой
потере грузоподъемности,
однако сильно
повышало надежность.
С июля
1957 по декабрь
1958 года проводился
Второй Международный
Геофизический
Год. В рамках
этого мероприятия
намечалось
и было реализовано
множество
различных. В
рамках МГГ
Америка и Советский
Союз собирались
запустить
первый искусственный
спутник Земли.
Американцы
объявили о
своем намерении
в июле 1955 года.
Комиссией,
созданной по
этому поводу,
был выбран
проект "Авангард",
представленный
Naval Research Laboratory.
Однако
в 1955 году президент
Дуайт Эйзенхауэр
объявил о приоритете
разработок,
направленных
на создание
межконтинентальной
баллистической
ракеты. Таким
образом, гражданская
программа
"Авангард"
оказалась "в
загоне". Компания
Martin Company (сейчас Lockheed
Martin), где создавалась
ракета "Авангард",
получила заказ
на создание
баллистической
ракеты Titan. При
этом большая
часть ресурсов
компании была
направлена
на военный
проект.
К февралю
1956 года ракета
"Авангард"
была создана.
Martin Company и NRL провели
ряд испытательных
пусков в период
с декабря 1956 года
по октябрь
1957. Запуск спутника
был намечен
на декабрь 1957
года.
В то же
самое время,
пока Martin Company создавала
"Авангард",
команда Брауна
вела разработку
ракеты Redstone. Как
мы уже говорили,
в качестве
первой ступени
использовалась
модифицированная
ракета A-4, в качестве
второй и третьей
- связки из
твердотопливных
ускорителей.
Первый пуск
этой ракеты
был произведен
в сентябре 1956
года. Ракета
доставила макет
боеголовки
на дальность
свыше 5300 километров.
В 1955 году
в районе станции
Тюра-Там началось
строительство
ракетного
полигона, именно
это место потом
станет известно
как Байконур.
15 мая с этого
полигона стартовала
первая "семерка".
Первые три
запуска провалились.
21 августа был
произведен
четвертый
запуск. Ракета
удачно ушла
со старта, и
через несколько
дней обломки
головной части
были найдены
в заданном
районе на Камчатке.
Американцам
стало понятно,
что запуск
первого искусственного
спутника Земли
для Советского
Союза - вопрос
нескольких
недель. Было
решено созвать
экстренное
совещание по
этому поводу.
Место проведения
- Редстоунский
исследовательский
центр, время
проведения...
4 октября 1957 года,
но через несколько
часов все средства
массовой информации
сообщили, что
Советский Союз
произвел запуск
первого искусственного
спутника.
6 декабря
на стартовой
площадке взорвался
носитель "Авангард".
Модифицированной
ракетой Redstone, названной
Jupiter С, 31 января 1958
года был запущен
первый американский
спутник Explorer I.
5
ВОПРОСЫ
К ТЕКСТУ
What
can you tell us about the world’s first ballistic missile,
V2?
What
Sergey Korolyov a pioneer in the Soviet rockets creation? Your
option on the point.
Why
was the group studying multistage rockets organized in1947?
What
are the stages in creation of Sputnik?
Which
are the stages of developing the rocketry program the United State?
When
did the Soviet racketeers celebrate their success?
Is
it true that the USSR was the first state to launch an artificial
satellite Sputnik?
Первая
в мире баллистическая
ракета Фау-2
была создана
в 1944 году как
«ракета возмездия».
Но она не
оказала никакого
воздействия
на ход второй
мировой войны.
Тем
не менее, она
(Фау-2), дала толчок
для размышления
американским
и советским
ракетчикам.
В
1945 году был произведен
пробный запуск
нескольких
Фау-2, организованный
генералом
Эйзенхауэром.
Будущий
главный конструктор
советских ракет
Сергей Королев
присутствовал
на тех запусках.
В
сентябре 1947 года
был произведен
первый пуск
советского
аналога Р-1 с
полигона в
Капустином
Яру.
К началу 50-х
годов у советских
ракетчиков
было достаточно
опыта, чтобы
создать одноступенчатые
(типа Р-1) ракеты.
В
1953 году начался
проект по созданию
ракеты Р-7. То
была 2-х ступенчатая
межконтинентальная
баллистическая
ракета.
В
1955 году был готов
проект космического
корабля, и началось
создание спутника.
В
1946 году на полигоне
Уайт Сэндз был
произведен
первый запуск
ракеты А-4.
В 1948 году Америка
объявила о
намерениях
вывести спутник-снаряд
в военных целях.
31 января 1958 года
был запущен
американский
спутник Explorer
1.
15
мая 1955 года первая
«семерка»
стартовала
с космодрома
Байконур.
Первые
три запуска
провалились.
21 августа
четвертый
запуск был
произведен.
Он был успешным.
4
октября 1957 года
миру сообщили
новость: СССР
был первым
государством,
который запустил
искусственный
космический
корабль, спутник.
The
world’s first ballistic missile, V-2 was developed as
“Vengeance Weapon No 2 “.
But
it did not make any deflection in the course of World War II.
However
it gave an impetus to brainwork for American and Soviet racketeers.
In
1945 (nineteen forty five) was a trial launch of several V-2s
organized by General Eisenhower.
The
future General Designer of the Soviet Rockets, Sergey Korolyov,
attended those launches.
On
September 1947 (nineteen forty seven) the first analogue R-1 was
launched in Kapustin Yar.
By
the early fifties Soviet racketeers had enough experience to create
one-stage ballistic missiles.
In
1953 (nineteen fifty three) the project on creation of R-7 started.
That was a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile.
In
1955 (nineteen fifty five) the project of a spacecraft was ready.
And the creation of Sputnik began.
In
1946 at the White Sands Range the first launch of A-4 rocket was
made.
In
1948 the U.S. announced the intentions to orbit a shell-satellite for
military purpose.
On
May 15, 1955 (nineteen fifty five) the first “seven”
started from the rocket range Baikonur.
The
first three launches failed.
On
August 21 the forth launch was made.
On
October 4, 1957 (nineteen fifty seven) the world was told the news:
the USSR was the first state that launched an artificial satellite,
Sputnik.
2