к выполнению
контрольных
работ.
Количество
контрольных
работ, выполняемых
на каждом курсе,
устанавливается
учебным планом
университета.
В данном
пособии предлагается
для студентов
6 вариантов
контрольных
работ. Выполняются
они в соответствии
с цифрами
студенческого
шифра (четные
или нечетные).
Выполнять
контрольные
работы следует
в отдельной
тетради. На
обложке тетради
напишите свою
фамилию, номер
шифра, курс и
факультет.
Контрольные
работы должны
быть выполнены
чернилами,
аккуратно,
четким почерком.
Слева справа
оставьте поля
для рецензии
преподавателя.
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Контрольные
работы должны
быть выполнены
в той последовательности,
в которой они
даны в настоящем
пособии.
Выполненные
контрольные
работы направляйте
для проверки
и рецензирования
в установленные
сроки на кафедру
“Английский
язык”.
Если контрольная
работа не
соответствует
указанным
требованиям,
она возвращается
без проверки.
Подготовка
к зачетам
и экзамену.
Прочитать
необходимые
текстовые
материалы и
понять основной
смысл прочитанного.
Просмотреть
материал выполненных
контрольных
работ.
Просмотреть
перечень необходимых
вопросов для
собеседования
по разговорной
тематике.
Просмотреть
газетный материал
на английском
языке, пользуясь
словарем.
Прочитать
и понять, с помощью
словаря, тесты
по специальности.
Варианты
контрольных
работ
Вариант
1
1.
Переведите
текст:
Cosmic Flight.
We
live in a wonderful age when the most daring dreams of man are coming
true. For
many centuries cosmic flights were but a dream. October 4, 1957
became a remarkable day throughout the world. The first space
satellite was put into orbit
around
the Earth. Tsiolkovsky's "utopian" dream has been realized.
Each cosmic flight on a manned spaceship is really a great event. The
satellite
is
a small space laboratory. Its
aim is investigating radiation as well as the effects of the state of
weightlessness on the
human organism.
2. Переведите
слова и выражения:
daring,
to put into orbit, space satellite, manned spaceship, investigating,
the state of
weightlessness, radiation.
3. Переведите
предложение:
Многие века
космические
полеты были
всего лишь
мечтой.
4. Переведите
предложение:
Первый космический
спутник был
запущен 4 октября
1957 года.
5.
Переведите
предложение:
Each
manned spaceship is a small cosmic laboratory.
6.
Выбрать правильный
вариант:
The
most... dreams of people are coming true.a)
remarkable b) daring c) wonderful
7. Выбрать
правильный
вариант:
Each
cosmic ... is really a great event,a)
satellite b) spaceship c) flight
8.
Закончить
предложение:
For many centuries cosmic flights were....
a) "utopian" dream b) but a dream
9.
Закончить
предложение:
The first space satellite was put into orbit....
a) around the Earth b) around the moon
10.
Составить
предложение:
is,
on, organism, aim, investigating, the, its,
radiation,
human
11.
Составить
предложение:
flight,
manned, really, event,
cosmic, a, is, remarkable, each, on, spaceship, a.
12. Ответить
на вопросы:
1.
When was the first space satellite
launched?
2. What is a satellite?
3. Who was the first cosmonaut in the world?
Вариант
2
Переведите
текст:
"Ulugbek"
The
great scientists of Central Asia were not only outstanding thinkers,
who confirmed to the world faultless of their ideas on understanding
the Universe. Central Asia also had some of the remarkable
astronomers, who made careful observations under natural phenomena.
Among Samarkand's astronomers of the 15-th century was Ulugbek who
made himself famous by his observations needed for science. Having
studied Astronomy under famous scientists Ulugbek began intensively
observing the sky. He built enormous observatory in Samarkand.
Observatory was equipped by the most modern tools of that time.
2.
Переведите
слова и выражения:
scientists,
outstanding thinkers, to confirm, faultless, the Universe,
remarkable, observations, intensively, enormous observatory, modern
tools.
3.
Переведите
предложение:
Ученые
Центральной
Азии были не
только выдающимися
мыслителями,
но и замечательными
астрономами.
4.
Переведите
предложение:
Обсерватория
Улугбека в
Самарканде
была оборудована
самыми современными
приборами.
5.
Выбрать правильный
вариант:
Samarkand's
astronomers achieved the great accuracy in their ......
a)
ideas
b)
observations
c)
instruments
6.
Выбрать правильный
вариант:
The
catalogue " Starry tables "contained ........ position of
1018 stars in the sky.
a)
precise
b)
geographic
c)
different
7.
Вставить предлоги:
Astronomy
was subject..... major concern ..... him.
8.
Вставить
предлоги:
Ulugbek's
contemporaries were fascinated..... the magnificence ..... the
observatory.
9.
Вставить
предлоги:
Ulugbek
widely used definitions
.... geographic coordinates .... different places .... Central Asia
.... practical purpose.
10.
Составить
предложение:
of,
astronomers, known, all, world, were, works, the, Samarkand's,
widely, the, over.
11.
Ответить на
вопросы:
1)
What was Ulugbek
famous for?
2) What
was the great achievement of Ulugbek in Samarkand?
3
1.
Переведите
текст:
The Electric Current
When a
conductor joins two points of different potential, electricity flows
from one to the other along the conductors until the potentials are
equal. This process is very rapid, and with good conductors is
completed in a fraction of a second. While it lasts, an electric
current is said to flow from one point to the other. By convention,
the direction of the current is said to be that from the higher to
the lower potential, i.e. the direction in which positive charges
would travel, but actually, owing to their much greater mobility, it
is the negative electrons which move, and it is their motion
which constitutes the current.
2.
Переведите
на русский
язык:
conductor,
potential, rapid, direction, positive, charge, mobility, motion,
negative, current.
3.
Переведите
предложения:
1)
Electricity flows from one potential to the other until the
potentials are equal.
2)
An electric current
flows from one point to the other.
3)
The motion of the negative electrons constitutes the electric
current.
4.
Выбрать правильный
вариант слова:
When
a conductor joins two points of different potential... flows from one
to the other.
a)
process
b)
electricity
c)
motion
5.
Выбрать правильный
вариант:
This
process is very ... and is completed in a fraction of a second.
a)large
b)slow
c)
rapid
6.
Выбрать правильный
вариант:
The
direction of the ... is that from the higher to the lower potential
a)
current
b)
electricity
c)
charge
7.
Закончить
предложение:
The
electric current passing through a wire ....
a)
will cool that wire
b)
will heat that wire
8.
Закончить
предложение:
By
connecting wires to the top and bottom discs Volta ....
a)
was able to get electric
current
b)
was able to heat a conductor
9.
Закончить
предложение:
When
an electric current flows along a conductor, ....
a)
the latter becomes strong
b)
the latter becomes heated
10.
Составить
предложение:
from,
to, along, flows, potential, the, conductor,
electricity, one, other, the.
11.
Перевести на
английский
язык.
1)
Направление
тока осуществляется
от высшего к
низшему потенциалу.
2)
Электричество
течет от одного
потенциала
к другому, пока
потенциалы
равны.
3)
Именно движение
отрицательных
электронов
образует
электрический
ток.
4
1.
Переведите
текст:
Faraday's Experiment
Faraday knew
from his long study of electricity that magnetism should be able to
produce a current, as well as vice versa. In spite of his various
failures, the idea of producing a current directly by magnetic action
remained firm in his thoughts. One of his friends said later how at
this period of his long life Faraday used to carry about with him in
his pocket a small rough model of electro-magnetic apparatus.
This consisted simply of an inch-long straight iron core with some
turns of copper wire wound round it. The basic idea he had in mind
was this: if an electric current in a wire can produce a magnetic
effect, why should not a magnet near a conducting wire produce an
electric current?
2.
Перевести на
русский язык:
electricity,
magnetism, various, directly, magnetic, action, really,
successful, immediately, reaction.
3.
Переведите
предложения:
1)
Faraday knew that magnetism should be able to produce a current.
2)
He had produced electricity through magnetism which had never been
done before.
3)
Faraday used to carry about with him a model of electromagnetic
apparatus.
4.
Выбрать правильный
вариант слова:
In
spite of his various.... Faraday was sure that magnetism
should be able to produce a current.
a)
failures b) purposes c) magnets
5.
Выбрать правильный
вариант:
Anyone
who has a coil of wire, a.... magnet and a sensitive current
indicator may repeat Faraday's experiment.
a.
) big b) bar
c) copper
6.
Выбрать правильный
вариант:
Amplifying
the current, the scientist.... the necessary results
a)
deflected b) got c) switched on
7.
Закончить
предложение:
Faraday's
basic idea was that a magnet near a conducting wire should be.....
a)
on opposite sides of the ring b) able to produce an electric current
8.
Закончить
предложение:
Faraday separated each turn.....
a)
by string for insulation purposes b)
fed from the battery
9.
Закончить
предложение:
Faraday wound long coils of thin copper wire....,
a)
he was disappointed b)
on opposite sides of the ring
10.
Составить
предложение:
by,
produce, wanted, electricity, Faraday, to, electromagnetism.
11.
Перевести на
английский
язык:
1)
Идея получения
тока непосредственно
действием
магнита не
оставляла
его мыслей,
2)
Обычно Фарадей
носил в кармане
маленькую
модель электромагнитного
прибора.
12.
Ответить на
вопросы:
1)
What was Faraday famous for?
2)
What was his idea?
3)
What can you say about a small model of electro-magnetic apparatus,
Вариант
5
1.
Переведите
текст:
The
Discovery of Magnetic Induction.
The
discovery in 1820 that there was a close connection between
electricity and magnetism was very exciting -until then, the two
subjects had been considered as quite independent. The first
discovery was that currents in wires make magnetic fields; then in
the same year, it was found that wires carrying current in a magnetic
field have forces on them. In 1840 Faraday discovered - electric
effects exist only when there is something changing. If one of a pair
of wires has a carrying current, a current is induced in the other,
or if a magnet is moved near an electric circuit, there is a current.
We say that currents are induced.
2.
Переведите
слова и словосочетания:
Discovery,
magnetic induction, wires, magnetic fields, current, electric
effects, induced, an electric circuit, connection, electricity and
magnetism.
3.
Переведите
предложения:
1)
Electricity and magnetism subjects had
been considered as quite independent subjects.
2) If
currents make magnetic fields, people suggested that magnets might
also make electric fields.
4.
Выбрать правильный
вариант:
For
the atom to be electrically neutral, the number of protons must
be.......
to that of
electrons.
a) more
b) equal c) less
5.
Выбрать правильный
вариант:
We know
Isaac Newton to express the connection between........ and motion in
the form
of
several laws.
a)
electricity b) current c) force
6.
Выбрать правильный
вариант:
Before
Faraday's discovery the only usable source of........ was the
galvanic battery.
a)
electricity b) magnetism c) conduction
7.
Закончить
предложение:
Artificial
magnets may be made by placing.........
a)
a magnet to be magnetised
into a battery
b) a
piece of iron or steel to be magnetised into a coil
8.
Закончить
предложение:
Faraday
wanted to produce electricity by.........
a)
Electromagnetism b) electric circuit
9.
Составить
предложение:
Was,
carrying, a, have, them,
discovery, that, current, magnetic, forces, the, wires, in, field,
on.
10.
Составить
предложение:
A, electricity, and, had, as, was,
between, magnetism, subjects, considered, independent, there,
connection, and, these, been, quite.
Вариант
6
1.
Переведите
текст:
Generating an Electric Current
Alessandro
Volta, a professor of physics, established the true source of the
electric current. He demonstrated that it could be produced by the
action of dissimilar metals. In 1800 he developed the first electric
battery, a device known as a voltaic pile. Although he tried a number
of different materials he found that the best results were obtained
when he used silver and zinc as the two metals. The pile consisted of
a series of small disks of these and of cardboard, the latter having
been soaked in a salt solution.
2.
Переведите
слова и словосочетания:
source,
dissimilar, device, a voltaic pile, silver, zinc, cardboard, soaked,
salt solution, series.
3.
Переведите
предложения:
1) The
electric current could be produced by the action of dissimilar
metals.
2)
A voltaic pile
consisted of a series of small disks and of cardboard.
4.
Выбрать правильный
вариант:
Alessandro
Volta established the true... of the electric current,
material
source
field
5.
Выбрать правильный
вариант:
During
his experiments Volta developed the
first electric...
battery
source
device
6.
Выбрать
правильный
вариант:
By
connecting... to the top and bottom discs Volta got electric current
a) discs
b) wires c) bars
7.
Закончить
предложение:
An
electric current is a flow of electrons along...
a) the
particles were electrons
b) a
metal wire or a conductor
8.
Закончить
предложение:
There are
many measuring devices e. g....
a)
galvanometers, voltmeters and others
b)
slight changes every day
9.
Закончить
предложение:
The
method of producing
electricity directly from heat attracts...
problem
of life
attention
of scientists
10.
Составить
предложение:
that,
current, produced, action, metals, demonstrated, the, could, by, of,
Volta, electric, be, the, dissimilar
Тексты для
чтения и перевода.
Read
and translate the texts:
Uzbekistan Chooses Its Way.
The
proclamation of Independence on September 1-st 1991 was landmark in
the
history of the Republic. Uzbekistan is a multi-national country
inhabited by more
than 130 nations and nationalities.
Uzbekistan's
present day economy is diversified consisting of agricultural and
manufacturing industries including the gas and oil industries,
ferrous and nonferrous
metallurgy, coal and uranium fields, engineering, cotton-ginning,
textiles,
canning and others. Uzbekistan possesses the largest economic
potential and
highest growth figures amongst the republics of Central Asia in both
industrial
and agricultural development. An important place in the Republic of
Uzbekistan's
economy is given to the rural sectors and especially the cotton
growing
industry. Uzbekistan ranks 4th in the world's gross cotton yield
stakes. The
substantial scientific-technical potential, both in the industrial
and agricultural development
sectors, has been created in the Republic. Uzbekistan maintains
foreign
trade connections with many countries in the world, participates in
various international
exhibitions and festivals, enjoys the memberships of many
international
organizations, banks and funds. At present over 120 countries of the
world
have recognized the Republic of Uzbekistan and diplomatic relations
have been
established with more than 60 of them. In Tashkent - the capital of
independent
Uzbekistan - there are 27 embassies, a UN mission and the opening of
a
further number of embassies is planned. Broad opportunities have been
opened up
for the involvement of the Republic in an international division of
labour and for
the extension of foreign trade, ties having been obtained through
independence and sovereignty. Uzbekistan today has a developed
infrastructure. The total length of
railroads is over 3.5 thousand kilometers, connecting all the large
economic centres
of the Republic, ensuring entry to the CIS and other countries. There
are over
40 thousand kilometers of highway. Uzbekistan is a Republic where
traditions and
principles of world community are highly honoured and being a full
member, the
Republic concentrates its efforts on the elaboration and realization
of independent
economic and social policies directed at renewing life, the intensive
development
of the national economy, the improvement of the peoples' well-being
and
its rapid integration into the world economic structure. The peoples
of Uzbekistan
look ahead with optimism.
Tashkent.
The
early information about our city you can find in ancient Eastern
annals of the 2
century- BC. Caravans going by the Great Silk Road passed Chach (the
ancient name of Tashkent).
Convenient geographical position favoured the city in its turning
into the capital
of the state.
At
the end of the 10-th and the beginning of the 12-th century people
more often called
Chach by another name - Tashkent, which means "Settlement made
of stone".
The
monuments of medieval architecture harmonize with the modern
architectural constructions.
This combination differentiates Tashkent from many other cities. So
does the
hospitality, cordiality of Uzbek people.
Tashkent
always welcomes guests. International meetings,
symposium
festivals are held here. The city has many friends-sister cities;
Karachi,Seattle,
Tunis, Patiala, Birmingham. That's why Tashkent is considered to be
"the city offriendship
and brotherhood".
Today
Tashkent - is the, capital of Uzbekistan, cultural center of the
country. There
are 9 theatres, Conservatory, museums, such as Art Museum, Museum of
history of
Uzbekistan. Tashkent has shady parks with queen fountains, concert,
art exhibition halls,
stadiums, swimming pools, libraries, gardens.
Opera
and Ballet theatre named after Navoi looks like the palace from the
outside. The
palace where music reigns. Plays are on here almost every evening.
And during a year
the theatre presents 2-3 premiers at spectators' disposal. The
building was constructed
in 1947. The figures of Uzbek traditional monumental architecture are
used in
the facade decoration.
Exhibits
in the exhibition hall of Uzbekistan Artists Union change
continually. Light,
roomy halls are put not only at famous artists disposal, but that of
youths as well. There
is an exhibition hall in the centre of the city. It was opened in
1974.
While
making a city tour in Tashkent, you cannot help paying attention at
the peculiarities
of modern buildings. Each of them is the part of the national
culture. The facades
of buildings are decorated with the elements of national ornament.
Architects try to
take into account the national traditions. For example, one of the
blocks was built in a way
neighbours can easily contact with each other, using special
galleries. Builders create modern
blocks trying to be close to the feel of makhalla (community). The
modern construction
- TV tower is not standard. It is the highest construction in Central
Asia. And
it is adjusted to the seismicity 9. Its height - 375 meters. On the
height of 100 meter? and 220 metersthe tower is girdled with
telecasting station for 5 programs, broadcasting station,
meteorological station. There is also observation site, where you can
enjoy the magnificent view of the city, revealing bars and restaurant
here. At the restaurants you will be served with the dishes of Uzbek
cuisine. The interior is decorated with national paintings.
Tashkent
is the only city in Central Asia, which has underground. The
construction
of it started in 1973 and in 1977 the first line began to operate.
Tashkent
Underground - it is 30 stations and they differ from each other.
Architectural and
artistic decoration of station depicts its name. The leading
architects and artists of Uzbekistan
took part in designing of the stations. Underground is a favourite
means of transport
of people in Tashkent. You can go to any part of the city in no time
(The interval
between trains is 240 seconds ).
Great
Britain.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland- this is the official name of Great Britain. It is composed
of the island of Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland and
multitude of small islands. Great Britain separated from the European
continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. In the west the
Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea wash Great Britain.
The Atlantic Ocean and the seas washing Great Britain as
well as the south western winds affect the climate of the country
making it maritime and damp.
The North and West of G. B. are mountainous. The
Pennines located in the central part of the island of G. B. stretch
from north to south. Many short rivers flow down the Pennines.
Northern Ireland presents a hilly extremity of the
Central Plain.
The United Kingdom comprises England and Wales, which
occupy the greater part of the island of G. B., Scotland in the North
of G. B., and Northern Ireland situated in the north-east of Ireland.
The principal part of G. B. is England. Northern Ireland
enjoys the rights 0f an autonomous region. The territory of G. B. is
divided into counties - Lancashire, Yorkshire, etc.
The English nation arose as a result of the amalgamation
of the native population of the British Isles-Celts with the Germanic
tribes of angles and Saxons who repeatedly invaded Britain, and with
the Normans who lived in the North of France and conguered Britain in
the middle of the 11-th century. The present descendants of the Celts
- Scotchmen, Welsmen and Irishmen constitute less than one fifth of
the total population of the country.
The population of G. B. speaks English.
G. B. is a country of highly developed culture. The
eminent physicist Newton, the famous naturalist Darwin greatly
contributed to science, while the works of great master of tragedy
Shakespeare, the poet Byron and the novelist Dickens enriched world
literature and art.
G. B. is a highly developed industrial country.
Coal-mining, metallurgical, textile, shipbuilding, electrical
engineering, automobile, aircraft and chemical industries are of
great importance for Britain.
G. B. - is a constitutional monarchy. The head of the
state is the king or the queen who ascend the throne by right of
succession. The Englishmen say of their monarchs: "They reign,
but don't rule. "
The
monarch's power is limited by the Parliament consisting of two
Chambers: the Chamber of Commons and the Chamber of Lords.
The Chamber of Commons is popularly elected and the
Chamber of Lords is composed of high-born nobility who hold their
title by right of succession.
The executive power is welded by the Cabinet presided by
the Prime Minister. The post of the Premier is filled by the leader
of the party which holds the majority in the Chamber of Commons.
There are two major parties in G. B. - the Conservative
and the Labour.
The National Programme Of Personnel Training.
The
National Programme of Personnel Training corresponds to provisions of
the Decree of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Education”,
elaborated on the basis of the analysis of national experience,
proceeding from the world achievements in the system of education and
oriented on molding of new staff generation with high common and
professional culture, creative and social activity, ability to
orientate itself independently in socio-political life, capable to
put forward and solve perspective tasks.
The aim of the present programme is the fundamental
reforming of education system, elaboration of the national education
system for training of highly qualified personnel up to the level
advance democratic states and meeting the requirements of high spirit
and morals.
The implementation of the aim demands the development
of mutually beneficial international collaboration in personnel
training.
The international legal base for cooperation in for
personnel training is created, prior directions of international
cooperation are being realized, international education structures
are developed, exchange of scientific researches and teaching staff
and students are widened. The base for international recognition of
national decree on education is prepared. The activity of concerned
Ministries and Departments, Embassies of Uzbekistan for the sake of
intensive attraction the direct and indirect foreign investments for
specialists training is intensified.
Revival of spiritual values and national
self-consciousness.
No society can see its perspective without the
development and strengthening its spiritual potential, spiritual and
moral values in consciousness of people.
The cultural values of the nation, its spiritual
heritage have been a powerful source of spirituality for the peoples
of the East during millennia. In spite of rigid ideological pressure
during a long period, the people of Uzbekistan have managed to
preserve their historical and cultural values and their local
traditions, that were carefully transferred from generation to
generation.
From the first days of our independence, the major
problem, raised on state policy level has been to revive that huge,
invaluable spiritual and cultural legacy that was formed by our
ancestors during many centuries.
But we were aware that the simple deny of values of the
former system posed a danger of political and cultural extremism
which did not imply any creative programme. At the same time,
spontaneous and thoughtless return to the values, traditions and
tenor of the past can lead to another extreme: to the denial of
modern life, to the denial of the necessity to modernize the society.
Historical memory, restoration of an objective and
truthful history of the nation, native territory, territory of the
state is given an extremely important place in the revival and growth
of national self-consciousness, and if you agree also the national
pride.
Historical experience, succession of traditions - all
this should become those values, on which new generations are brought
up.
Static
Electricity.
We shall
give an account of the electrification of bodies in terms of atomic
structure. The atoms, normally containing equal numbers of electrons
and protons (units of negative and positive charges respectively),
are broken up, and electrons pass from one body to another, leaving
the former positively and the later negatively charged. This is not
the normal condition of matter, and at the first opportunity the
positively charged body acquires electrons and the negatively charged
body expels electrons, so as to recover the neutral state.
The
Electric Current.
When a conductor joins two points of different
potential, electricity flows from one to the other along the
conductor until the potentials are equal.
This process is very rapid, and with good conductors is
completed in a fraction of a second. While it lasts, an electric
current is said to flow from one point to the other. By convention,
the direction of the current is said to be that from the higher to
the lower potential, i. e. the direction in which positive charges
would travel, but actually, owing to their much greater mobility, it
is the negative electrons, which move, and it is their motion, which
constitutes the current. It is unfortunate that, before the existence
of electrons was thought of the conventional direction of the current
should have been wrongly chosen, but it is now too late to alter the
convention. The student must bear in mind that when a current is said
to flow from A to B, what actually happens is that electrons flow
from B to A.
Magnetism.
The existence of magnets shows that matter can be
active. Everyone knows something of the property of certain pieces of
iron steel - and to a smaller extent, cobalt and nickel- by which
they can attract other pieces of iron and steel and hold them up
against gravity; and there is, in fact, a naturally occurring oxide
of iron, knows as "lodestone" which has the same property.
If we suspend a magnet by its center so that it hangs horizontally,
and then bring the end of another magnet near one of its ends, we
find that the suspended magnet is either attracted or repelled; while
if we present the other end of the second magnet to the same end of
suspended one, the reverse happens-there is either repulsion or
attraction. On the other hand, either end of the magnet will attract
pieces of iron, which are not magnets.
Magnetic
Polarity.
We have here a behavior somewhat similar to that of
electrified. The magnitude of the force is again far greater than
that of gravity; and there is the same attraction and repulsion
between bodies affected, and only attraction between an affected and
an unaffected body. We therefore speak of positive and negative
magnetization if we wish. We do not, however, use these terms, but
speak of two ends of the magnet as "north" and "south"
poles. The reason for this is that a freely suspended magnet always
hangs so that one end points approximately towards the north and the
other approximately towards the south, and if we disturb it, it
always returns to the position. We therefore speak of the
north-speaking poles, and these names are usually abbreviated to
north (N) and south (S) poles.
Conductors
And Non-Conductors.
The ease with which this is done
depends on the atomic constitution of the body. In some substances
electrons move fairly easily, while in others they find movement
difficult. This difference is expressed by what is called the
electrical conductivity of the body. Substances through which
electrons move easily are called good conductors. Generally speaking,
among solids metals are good conductors and non-metals are poor
conductors. If materials are arranged in the order of their
conductivity it is found although there is no sudden transition from
a group of very good to a group of very bad conductors, the atoms are
restored to their normal state as fast as they are broken up, by the
passage of electrons from the rod to the Earth to the rod, as the
case may require. (The Earth must be regarded as containing free
electrons and as being able to accommodate many more, without,
observably electrified, owing to its great size. Any electrified
body, whether charged positively or negatively, immediately becomes
neutral when connected with the Earth either directly or through a
conductor. ) It appears to be always the electrons that move, and not
the positively charged atoms (or 'ions', as they are called). This
would be expected, because of the much smaller mass of the electrons.
If, however, a conductor be held by an insulating handle, so that
electrons cannot pass between it and the hand. It also can be
electrified by friction. In all experiments on frictional electricity
the apparatus used must be quite dry, otherwise any electrification
produced is destroyed, since moisture has conducting properties.
Permanent
Magnetism.
The electric current consists
simply of electrons or ions traveling round and round a circuit, and
it may well be asked why, apart from the general thirst for
knowledge, we should be interested to constructing vast machines in
order to make invisible particles do the same thing over and over
again. Two reasons have already been given: we can use such a process
to produce chemical action, as in electrolysis and electroplating,
and we can use it to produce light and heat. The third, and the most
important reason of all, is that we can use it to produce magnetic
force. It has already been said that a circular current acts as a
magnet, but before considering the magnetic effects of a current in
more detail we must examine the properties of the so-called
"permanent" magnets - pieces of iron and steel which
attract other pieces of iron and steel without any obvious connection
with electricity at all, although, as already stated, we believe the
force to be associated with the motion of electrons within the
magnets.
Interpretation
Of Magnetism.
We
assume that an electron moving in an orbit is a small magnet. For
simplicity, suppose the orbit is a circle in plane of this sheet of
paper, and suppose the electron is revolving in a clockwise
direction. Then the upper side of the paper is a S-pole and the lower
side is a N-pole. If another similar orbit existed in a parallel
plane just above the first, there would therefore be attraction
between them and the orbits would approach one another, while if the
second electrons were revolving in the opposite direction to the
polarity they would be reversed and there would be repulsion. Each
atomic electron revolving in its orbit is therefore a small magnet,
and the magnetic properties of observable bodies must be expressed in
terms of interaction of these intra-atomic magnets. Like the
assumption of the existence of elementary particles in atoms, this is
not orbitrary guesswork. We can experiment with electrically charged
bodies of observable size moving in orbits, and we can find that they
do in fact behave as magnets in the manner just described. It is
therefore quite reasonable to suppose that the elementary charges
behave similarly, and provide us with elements out of which we can
build a satisfactory theory of magnetism.
III.
Вопросы для
зачета и экзамена.
1. Where
do you study?
2.
What faculty do you
study?
3. What
can you say about your future speciality?
4. Who is
your best friend?
5. Where
does your father (mother, sister, brother) work (study)?
6. When
does your working day begin?
7. What
do you usually do in the morning?
8. What
do you have for breakfast (dinner, supper)?
9. How do
you get to the University?
10. Till
what time are you busy at the University?
11. How
do you spend your leisure time?
12. How
often do you go to the cinema?
13. What
music (books, films) do you like?
14. Do
you watch any programs on T. V?
15. What
subjects do you study at the University?
16. What
is your favorite subject?
17. When
and where were you born?
18. Where
do you live?
19. Why
did you decide to enter the University?
20. When
will you be able to speak English fluently?
21. Who
is your favorite writer (poet, actor, sportsman)?
22. What
books of this writer do you like best?
23. What
famous American, British and Uzbek writers do you know?
24. Is
your family large or small?
25. How
old are your parents?
26. Have
you many relatives (aunts, uncles, cousins)?
27. How
many seasons are there in the year and what are they?
28. When
does it often rain?
29. When
do trees begin to burst into leaf?
30. What
holiday does our Republic celebrate in spring?
31. How
do you spend your time in summer?
32. Do
you listen to the latest news every day?
33. What
for do you study English?
34. What
is your native city?
35. What
was the ancient name of Tashkent?
36. What
are the friends-sister cities of Tashkent do you know?
37. How
many theatres are there in Tashkent? What are they?
38. What
places of interest in Tashkent do you know?
39. When
was Exhibition Hall opened and where is it situated?
40. What
can you tell about the T. V. tower?
41. How
many stations are there in Tashkent Underground and when was it
opened?
42. What
territory does the Republic of Uzbekistan occupy?
43. When
did Uzbekistan become independent?
44. What
does the independence for our Republic mean?
45. Where
is Uzbekistan situated?
46. What
is the climate of our Republic?
47. What
can you say about the Constitution of our Republic?
48. Who
is the President of Uzbekistan now?
49. How
is the Supreme Council of Uzbekistan called?
50. What is the official name of Great Britain?
51. What parts does G. B. consist of?
52. What is the capital of G. B. ?
53. What sea separates G. B. from the European
continent?
54. What climate has G. B. ?
55. What are the most important parts of London? Speak
about each part.
56. Who is the Queen of G. B. ?
57. How is the residence of the Queen called?
58. What places of interest in London do you know?
59. Why do the Englishmen say about monarch's power:
"They reign, but don't rule. »
60. What do the Londoners say about their city?
61. Where is the official residence of the Prime
Minister of England situated?
62. What is Westminster Abbey?
63. What do you know about the parks of London?
64. What picture gallery is the largest in London?
65. What
are the most famous Universities in G. B.?
Литература:
Islom Karimov “Building the Future. Uzbekistan –
its own model for transition to a market economy”.
К.
Иванова
“English for students of electrical engineering”. Л.
1983.
З. Павлова
“Сборник общенаучных
и технических
текстов на
английском
языке”. М.,
Высшая
школа, 1964.
В. М. Макеева
“Английский
язык” (для
неязыковых
вузов). М., Высшая
школа, 1968.
Содержание.
Пояснения к
выполнению
контрольных
работ ……………………………..
3Варианты
контрольных
работ ……………………………………………….
4
Тексты для
чтения и перевода
………………………………………………
10
Вопросы для
зачета и экзамена
……………………………………………..
16
18
МИНИСТЕРСТВО
ВЫСШЕГО И СРЕДНЕГО
СПЕЦИАЛЬНОГО
ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
РЕСПУБЛИКИ
УЗБЕКИСТАН
ТАШКЕНТСКИЙ
ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ
ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
имени Абу
Райхана Беруни
Методические
рекомендации.
Контрольные
работы
для
студентов –
заочников
энергетических
специальностей
Ташкент
2002.
Составили:
В.Д. Мусаева,
О.М. Гордеева
Методические
рекомендации:
Контрольные
работы для
студентов –
заочников
энергетических
специальностей
(Ташкентский
Государственный
Технический
Университет)
составили:
В.Д. Мусаева,
О.М. Гордеева,
Ташкент 2002.
Методические
указания содержат
варианты контрольных
работ для студентов
– заочников
энергетических
специальностей.
Рекомендации
снабжены необходимым
текстовым
материалом
и пояснением
для оформления
контрольных
работ и подготовки
к зачетам и
экзамену.
Кафедра
“Английский
язык”
Печатается
по решению
научно-методического
совета Ташкентского
Государственного
Технического
Университета
имени Абу Райхана
Беруни
Рецензенты:
ст. пр. Бурдина
Т.С. ( УНУ )
доц. Файзуллаева
М.К. ( ТГТУ )