КРАСНОЯРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТОРГОВО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ
Методические указания и контрольные задания по английскому языку для студентов 3-го курса (ускоренники) заочного отделения по специальности “Товароведение непродовольственных товаров”
Контрольные задания №1, 2.
Составил: преподаватель
кафедры ин.яз.
Яроватая Л.Н.
Красноярск 1998 г.
Общие методические указания
Настоящие методические указания предназначены для студентов 3-го курса (ускоренники) по специальности “Товароведение непродовольственных товаров”. Цель методических указаний – подготовить студентов к чтению и переводу литературы на английском языке по данной специальности. Студентам рекомендуется следующая последовательность работы:
1. Изучение лексико-грамматического материала на базе объяснений преподавателя и данных методических указаний.
2. Выполнение тренировочных упражнений под руководством преподавателя.
3. При работе над текстами необходимо иметь тетрадь с выписанными незнакомыми словами и словосочетаниями.
Времена группы
Simple
The Present Simple tense
употребляется для выражения действия, имеющего постоянный характер, происходящего обычно, действия привычного или свойственного лицу, обозначенному существительным или местоимением в функции подлежащего.
Образование: Совпадает с формой инфинитива без частицы to, кроме 3-его лица единственного числа (принимает окончание -S (-ES).
I try - he tries, write - writes
We speak - She speaks
Слова - указатели
: usually, always, sometimes, often, seldom, every day (week, month, year)
Вопросительная форма
: Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do (does) , который стоит перед подлежащим:
Do you know him?
Does he speak English?
Отрицательная форма
: Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do (does), и частицы not (do not , does not)
I don't know him
He doesn't speak English
The Past Simple Tense
употребляются для выражения действия имевшего место в прошлом или ряда последовательных действий, происходивших одно за другим в прошлом.
Образование: при помощи суффикса -ed для правильных глаголов или 2-я форма неправильных глаголов
He arrived yesterday.
She left in 1995.
Слова указатели:
yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week (month, year), ago, the other day.
Вопросительная форма
: Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола did, который стоит перед подлежащим:
Did you go there yesterday?
Did he work at school two years ago?
Отрицательная форма
: Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола did и частицы not (didn't).
I didn't go there last week.
He didn't buy any oil yesterday.
The Future Simple Tense
употребляется для выражения однократного или повторяющегося действия, которое произойдет в будущем.
Образование: при помощи вспомогательного глагола will или shell и смыслового глагола без частицы to.
Слова указатели
: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week (month, year), tonight, in…days (hours).
He'll be busy tomorrow.
I'll be an engineer in two years.
We'll talk about it tonight.
Вопросительная форма
: Образуется путем перестановки вспомогательного глагола (перед подлежащем):
Will you be en engineer after graduation from the Institute?
Отрицательная форма
: Образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола. Употребляется два вида сокращенных форм:
I shan't write
He won't write
Времена группы
Progressive Tense
The Present Progressive Tense
Употребляется:
1) для выражения действия происходящего действия в данный момент. Этот момент может подразумеваться из контекста или может быть выражен такими обозначениями времени: now , at the present, at this moment
.
I'm reading the text.
He is getting ready for his final exams.
We're watching TV.
2) для выражения действия, которое обязательно произойдет в будущем.
We're dining out on Saturday.
He is staying in town tonight.
Вопросительная форма
: образуется путем перестановки глагола to be (перед подлежащим)
Are you listening to me?
В отрицательной форме употребляется два вида сокращений:
1) I'm not writing
He's not writing
2) He isn't writing
We aren't writing
The Past Progressive Tense
употребляется для выражения действия, происходящего в какой-то данный момент в прошлом.
Слова указатели
: at that moment, at that time
At that time Mary was taking music lesson.
Past Progressive Tense
часто употребляются чтобы показать "фон" для прошлых событий, т.е. чтобы сказать, что происходило (продолжалось) в то время, когда что то случилось.
While I was cleaning up the attic, I found some old letters.
They met when she was studying in Berlin.
Образование
: при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Past Simple и причастия I смыслового глагола.
He was writing.
We were writing
Сокращенные отрицательные
формы образуются по общему правилу:
I wasn't writing
We weren't writing
The Future Progressive Tense
: образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Future Simple (shell be, will be) и причастия I смыслового глагола.
I'll not be writing He won't be writing
Времена группы
Perfect Tenses (
совершенные времена)
The Past Perfect Tense
: Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме Present Simple и причастия II смыслового глагола.
I've written
He's written
Present Perfect
употребляется:
Для выражения действия, завершенного
к настоящему моменту, но связанного с настоящим (результатом действия) :
I have read the book.
He hasn't seen this film.
Для выражения действия закончившегося к данному моменту, но период времени, к которому относится действие, еще продолжается:
I haven't seen him this month.
Слова-указатели
: already, before, never, ever, just, this week (month, year).
Have you ever been there?
He has just left.
She has never learnt to drive.
The Past Perfect Tense
( предпрошедшее ) Выражает действие, закончившееся до наступления другого действия или момента в прошлом.
When I came to the station the train had left.
By that time we had read the book.
The Future Perfect Tense
сочетает в себе оттенок завершенности с указанием срока в будущем.
By Monday I'll have read your book.
Времена группы
Perfect Progressive.
The Present Perfect Progressive Tense
образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be
в форме Present Perfect (have been, has been)
и причастия I
смыслового глагола.
Употребляется для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и всё ещё продолжается, или чтобы спросить, как давно что-то происходит.
Have you been waiting long?
It has been raining for two days.
The Past Perfect Progressive
выражает действие, которое началось, продолжалось и прервалось в прошлом до наступления другого, более позднего действия.
I had been reading the letter from my boos when the telephone rang.
Период времени, в течение которого происходило действие, может быть обозначен с помощью предлогов for
и since
.
The Future Perfect Progressive
встречается редко и заменяется формой Future Perfect
.
He’ll have been painting his fence for two hours by the time we see him.
Контрольное задание № 1
Грамматика:
Притяжательный падеж имени существительного. Времена глагола в активном залоге.
Существительное в притяжательном падеже служит определением к другому существительному, выражает принадлежность и отвечает на вопрос “Чей?”
Alice’s sister is a shop-assistant.
My friends’ names are Bill and Dan.
Времена глагола в активном залоге.
| Present | Simple | Progressive | Perfect | Perfect Progressive |
V1
Do you speak English? Does he work? |
am is Ving
are |
have V3
has |
have been Ving
has |
|
| Past | V2
Did you? |
was Ving
were |
had V3
|
had been Ving
|
| Future | shall V
will |
shall be Ving
will |
shall have V3
will |
shall been Ving
will |
V – Verb (глагол), V2
ed
– Past Simple, V3
ed
– Participle (причастие II)
Ving
– Participle I
I
Вариант.
1.
Перепишите предложения, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видо-временную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
I got up and had sausage, egg, bacon and tomatoes for breakfast and read the Sundy Mirror.
My brother Erick knocked at door and asked me if I wanted to go fishing with him.
We plan to increase our advertising.
He didn’t buy any oil yesterday.
2.
Перепишите предложения. Поставьте глагол в прошедшем времени. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
I (to see) your mother yesterday. She’s looking fine.
My boos (to fly) to New York again last week.
It (to be) very late when I (to come) home last night.
We (to buy a new fridge two months age.
3.
Образуйте вопросительную форму от предложений. Объясните употребления временной формы. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
I’ve never been to Switzerland.
I’m going to the cinema.
I like smoked salmon.
My brother can speak six languages.
4.
Образуйте
Participle I
и
II
от следующих глаголов:
break, come, arrive, go, buy, be, watch, bring, send, older.
5.
Перепишите предложения, употребив притяжательный падеж существительных.
Пример:
Mary has got two brothers. They’re both engineers.
Mary’s brothers are both engineers.
My mother has both a new car. It’s very expensive.
Our manager has got a nice office. It’s on the fourth floor.
They have got two daughters. Their names are Monica and Pat.
6.
Перепишите и переведите текст используя словарь.
Harrods.
Everybody knows Harrods, and most people agree it's the best shop ill London. Even the Queen and Queen Mother do their shopping there, so it must be good... It's the largest and most famous store in England. You can get everything from large tropical snakes to antique pianos.
People like shopping in Harrods, and they spend a lot of money. The most money ever spent by a single customer was two million two hundred thousand pounds, and he paid in cash! It was the shop's biggest cash sale.
About 50,000 people go to Harrods every day, but the busiest times are Christmas and the January and July Sales, when many more shoppers visit the store. People can find the biggest bargains on the First day of the Sales. The first day is the most crowded. On that day, about 300,000 people visit Harrods.
One of the most popular buys at Christmas time are the Christmas puddings - Harrods sells over 120 tons of these a year.
Harrods has a great many overseas visitors, and it exports many of its goods. Some of the most unusual exports have included a Persian carpet to Iran, a fridge to Finland, six bread rolls to New York, and a pound of sausages to a yacht in the Mediterranean.
Answer the questions.
1. What famous people shop in Harrods?
2. How many Christmas puddings do they sell every year?
3. What other unusual exports do you hear about?
II
Вариант
1.
Перепишите предложения, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видо-временную
Фому. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Food price in our country are going up fast.
I will give you the exact date of despatch.
I’ve read that article already.
What were you doing from three till five last Friday?
2.
Перепишите предложения. П
I (not see) Mary last week.
She (to leave) in 1995.
I (not speak) to Nick yet.
He (to change) his job three times this year.
3.
Образуйте вопросительную форму от следующих предложений. Объясните употребление
временной формы. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
We have known each other for three year.
Monica told me about that.
We’ve seen Carmen before.
Here is our catalogue.
4.
Образуйте
Participle I
и
II
от следующих глаголов:
answer, begin, drive, find, learn, meet, prove, wear, give, sell.
5.
Перепишите предложения, употребив притяжательный падеж существительных.
Пример:
Mary has got two brothers. They’re both engineers.
Mary’s brothers are both engineers.
Alice has got a sister. She’s much taller than her
My brother has got two friends. Their names are Bill and Dan.
My boss lives in a nice house. It is much more comfortable than mine.
6.
Перепишите и переведите текст используя словарь.
MARKETING
Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods and, on the other hand, a series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, traffic and marketing research.
The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the consumer's dollar. Thе trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping centres has made goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of merchandise and plenty of parking facilities.
Active vocabulary.
producer - производитель
consumer - потребитель
user - потребитель
distribution - сбыт, распределение
marketing - продажа, сбыт, маркетинг
transporting - транспортировка
storing - складирование, хранение
storage - хранение
product planning - разработка новых продуктов
pricing - калькуляция цен
promotion - содействие в продаже
(какого-либо товара),
например, с помощьюрекламы
traffic - торговля
marketing research - изучение рынка сбыта
trend - тенденция, общеенаправление
to predict - предсказывать
to influence – влиять
Answer the questions.
1. What does marketing mean?
2. What activities does marketing consist of?
3. What do marketing operations include?
Контрольное задание № 2
Грамматика:
Употребление инфинитива с частицей to
и без неё.
Времена английского глагола в пассивном залоге.
Употребление инфинитива с частицей
to
.
1. Если в предложении два инфинитива, соединенные, and или or, частица to перед вторым инфинитивом обычно не ставится.
2. Иногда, чтобы не повторять один и тот же глагол, вместо полной формы инфинитива этого глагола употребляется только частица to.
I seem to have hurt thought I never meant to.
3. Инфинитив с частицей to употребляется после глаголов to be и to have, используемых в качестве модальных.
4. После глаголов agree, be able, expect, hope, learn, need, want, would like, would love.
She agreed to help me.
5. В конструкции something to wear (drink, eat etc.) и подобных конструкциях.
Употребление инфинитива без частицы
to.
1. Частица to не употребляется после модальных глаголов (кроме want, ought) и вспомогательном глаголе do, will, shall, would, could и had better.
2. После глагола make (заставлять), let (позволять)
What made you come so early?
Don't let the fire go out.
Употребление английского глагола в пассивном залоге.
Форма Passive Voice образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be и причастия II смыслового глагола: to be grown
быть выращенным.
| Simple | Progressive | Perfect | |
| Present | Am Is V3
Are |
Am Is V3
Are |
Has been V3
Have been V3
|
| Past | Was V3
were |
Was being V3
Were |
Had been V3
|
| Future | Will be V3
|
Вместо отсутствующих форм Future Progressive употребляется форма Future Simple |
Will have been V3
|
I
Вариант
1.
Употребите инфинитив с частицей
to
или без нее. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Why don't you (to take/take) a holiday?
2. She agreed (to help/help) me.
3. I think he'll agree (to have/have)the meeting in his office.
4. You were able (do/to do) it yourself.
2.
Перепишите предложения, поставьте глагол в пассивном залоге. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Windscreens (make) from glass.
2. My new car (deliver) tomorrow.
3. This shop (build) in 1956.
4. I (tell) about that yesterday.
3.
Перепишите предложения заменив активный залог на пассивный.
1. He was sure someone had moved his paper.
2. Alan will paint the house for us while we're away.
3. Somebody has drunk all the water.
4. Many citizens visited the Sales last week.
4.
Замените пассивный залог на активный.
1. This building was designed by a German architect.
2. We're being driven to the airport by my brother.
3. He's been offered a good job by manager.
4. I was taught to use a computer by Mr. Wilson.
5.
Укажите (напишите) инфинитив от следующих причастий
II:
broken, felt, gone, led, paid, met, put, sent, spent, told.
6.
Перепишите и переведите текст используя словарь.
WHOLESALING
Wholesaling is a part of the marketing system. It provides channels of distribution which help to bring goods to the market. Generally indirect channels are used to market manufactured consumer goods. It could be from the manufacturer to the wholesaler, from the retailer to the consumer or through more complicated channels. A direct channel moves goods from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer.
Wholesaling is often a field of small business. About a quarter of wholesaling units account for one-third of total sales.
Two-third of the wholesaling middleman are merchant wholesalers who take title to the goods they deal in. There are also agent middlemen who negotiate purchases or sales or both. They don't take title to the goods they deal in. Sometimes they take possession though. These agents don't earn salaries. They receive commissions. This is a percentage of the value of the goods they sell.
Wholesalers simplify the process of distribution. As a wholesaler handles a large assortment of items from numerous manufacturers he reduces the problem of both manufacturer and retailer. The store-keeper does not have to deal directly with thousands of different people. He usually has a well-stocked store and deals with only a few wholesalers.
Answer the questions.
1. What is the aim of the wholesaling?
2.What is an indirect channel of distribution?
3. What channel of distribution is preferable?
II
Вариант
1.
Употребите инфинитив глагола с частицей
to
или без неё. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
I would love (learn / to learn) Japanese.
Do you know how (to use / use) computer?
If you want (to go / go) to China you have (to get / get) a visa.
Do you think Ann will agree (have / to have) the meeting in her office?
2.
Перепишите предложения, поставьте глагол в пассивном залоге. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Over forty languages (speak) in Kenya.
The telephone (invert) by a Scotsman.
You wedding dress (finish) in a couple of days.
Our shop (visit) by hundreds of buyers everyday.
3.
Перепишите предложения заменив активный залог на пассивный.
They’ve found your wallet in the supermarket.
The whole family watches this program.
Somebody has taken my book.
We were discussing the plan when he came.
4.
Перепишите предложения заменив пассивный залог на активный.
Paris is visited by thousand of tourists every year.
The last lecture will be given by Prof. James.
A definite answer will have been given you by Monday.
The catalogues may be looked through by our customer.
5.
Укажите инфинитив от следующих причастий
II:
brought, found, flown, hurt, left, made, seen, shown, stood, thought.
6. Перепишите и переведите текст используя словарь.
RETAILING
Retailing is selling goods and services to the ultimate consumer. Thus, the retailer is the most expensive link in the chain of distribution. Being middlemen, they make their profit by charging the customer 25 to 100 per cent more than the price they paid for the item.
The retailers operate through stores, mail-order houses, vending machine operators. There are different types of retail stores: department stores, discount houses, cooperatives, single line retailers. The major part (over 95 per cent) of retail establishments concentrate on a single line of merchandise for example, food, hardware, etc. But nowadays there is a trend for many single line stores to take on a greater variety of supplies.
The retailer performs many necessary functions. First, he may provide a convenient location. Second, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer helps to promote the product through displays, advertising or sales people. Fourth, the retailer can finance the customer by extending credit. Also the retailer stores the goods in his outlet by having goods available.
Active vocabulary.
retailing - розничная продажа
ultimate consumer - конечный потребитель
mail-order house - посылторг
vending machine operator - оператор торговыхавтоматических машин (продающих мелкие товары: газеты, сигареты и т.д.)
discount house - магазин с относительно
низкими ценами на товары
single line retailer - розничный торговец,продающий какой-либоодин товар
to perform functions - выполнять функции
extending credit - длительный кредит
outlet - рынок сбыта, торговая точка
discount - скидка
Answer the questions.
1. What is retailing?
2. In what way does a retailer serve a customer?
3. In what way does a retailer serve a manufacturer?
Passive Voice
| Simple | Progressive | Perfect | Perfect Progressive | |
| Present | Am Is V3
Are |
Am Is V3
Are |
Has been V3
Have been V3
|
------------------- |
| Past | Was V3
were |
Was being V3
Were |
Had been V3
|
------------------- |
| Future | Will be V3
|
---------------- |
Will have been V3
|
------------------- |
| Future in the Past | Would be V3
|
---------------- |
Would have been V3
|
-------------------- |