’s Life Essay, Research Paper
Caren Irr
Rexroth, Kenneth
(22 Dec. 1905- 6 June 1982), poet and translator, was born Kenneth Charles Marion Rexroth
in South Bend, Indiana, the son of Charles Rexroth, a pharmaceuticals salesman, and Delia
Reed. Owing to Charles’s rocky career, the family moved frequently throughout the northern
midwest until Delia died in 1916 and Charles in 1919. For the next three years, Rexroth
lived with an aunt in Chicago. After his expulsion from high school, he educated himself
in literary salons, nightclubs, lecture halls, and hobo camps while working as a wrestler,
soda jerk, clerk, and reporter. In 1923-1924 he served a prison term for partial ownership
of a brothel.
During the 1920s, Rexroth backpacked across the country several times, visited Paris
and New York, taught in a religious school, and spent two months in a Hudson Valley
monastery. Reflections on these experiences appear in his later poetry, but his early work
was cubist and surrealist–often opaquely so. In 1927 he married Andr?e Schafer, an
epileptic painter, and they moved to San Francisco. In the late 1920s Rexroth’s first
poems appeared in Pagany, Morada, and Charles Henri Ford’s Blues. He
read much of Alfred North Whitehead’s philosophy around this time.
During the 1930s, Rexroth studied mysticism and Communism. Readings of Jacob Boehme,
St. Thomas Aquinas, and John Duns Scotus influenced revisions to his long poem, Homestead
Called Damascus, published by New Directions in 1963. He also participated in the
Communist party’s John Reed Clubs, organizations supporting working-class writers and
artists. Although skeptical about internal party politics, Rexroth helped organize clubs
on the West Coast until 1938. He corresponded with other leftist poets, such as Louis
Zukofsky and George Oppen, who wanted to save poetry from sentimentality and
impressionism. In the mid-1930s, Rexroth participated in the Federal Arts Projects. In
1936 he spoke at the Western Writers Conference and was published in New Masses, Partisan
Review, New Republic, and Art Front. A long-standing association began
in 1937 when Rexroth’s poetry appeared in the second volume of James Laughlin’s New
Directions in Poetry and Prose. Rexroth would be a lifelong friend, guru, and skiing
companion to this influential publisher.
In 1938 Rexroth shifted his political attention to an ecologically based pacifism. His
first volume of poetry, In What Hour (1940), was tepidly received–a response he
blamed on the literary establishment of the urban East Coast. After Andr?e died in 1940,
he married Marie Kass, a public health nurse who shared his passions for politics and
camping. When the United States entered World War II, Rexroth registered as a
conscientious objector and served as a psychiatric orderly. Objecting to war measures, he
helped a number of Japanese Americans evade internment. During this period, he practiced
Buddhism, Taoism, and yoga.
In 1944 his collection The Phoenix and the Tortoise appeared. The title poem is
a long philosophical narrative interspersed with concrete sensual images. This kind of
earthy Jeremiad was central to Rexroth’s postwar aesthetic. He took the social role of the
poet quite seriously, writing in a 1958 review of Kenneth Patchen’s work, "If no one
cried, ‘Woe, woe to the bloody city of damnation!’ and nobody listened to the few who cry
out, we would know that the human race had finally gone hopelessly and forever mad" (Kenneth
Patchen: A Collection of Essays, ed. Richard G. Morgan [1977], p. 23). In the late
1940s Rexroth established a Friday-evening salon and a Wednesday-night philosophy club to
discuss his theories of politics and poetry; in attendance were friends such as Robert
Duncan, William Everson, Richard Eberhart, Philip Lamantia and, later, Allen Ginsberg,
Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gary Snyder, and other Beats.
After receiving a Guggenheim fellowship in 1948, Rexroth traveled across Europe and the
United States, making sociological observations that resurfaced in The Dragon and the
Unicorn (1952). During the 1950s Rexroth continued to serve as father figure to the
Beats, partly through a weekly radio show. He also became the biological father of two
daughters; their mother was philosophy stude
probably his most well-known poem, "Thou Shalt Not Kill," in honor of Dylan
Thomas. A passionate indictment of standardized culture, the poem asks who is responsible
for Thomas’s death; its answer implicates the cocktails and Brooks Brothers suits of this
world. This piece became a standard in Rexroth’s repertoire when, with the Beats, he began
to read poetry with musical accompaniment. Actress Shirley MacLaine attended a
poetry-and-jazz performance in the late 1950s and concluded that Rexroth resembled
"John Donne in the fourth dimension."
After Kass divorced him in 1955 Rexroth legally married Larsen in 1958 (they had been
illegally married in France in 1949); they divorced in 1961. His live-in secretary, Carol
Tinker, became his fourth wife in 1974. In the 1960s Rexroth supported civil rights
struggles and the anti-war movement. His Collected Shorter Poems appeared in 1967
and Complete Collected Longer Poems in 1968. Increasingly recognized by mainstream
critics, he wrote a series of essays for Saturday Review and received a National
Institute of Arts and Letters award in 1964. This later work was dominated by Eastern
philosophy–a theme that appealed to the students he taught at the University of
California, Santa Barbara (1968-1974). Partly on the strength of his translations of Asian
poets, Rexroth won a Fulbright to Japan (1974-1975) and a Copernicus Award for lifetime
achievement. His last major project was a series of poems presented as translations of a
fictional Japanese poet named Marichiko. In later years Rexroth maintained friendships
with younger writers, such as his literary executor Bradford Morrow, and feminist poets
such as Carolyn Forch? and Denise Levertov. Rexroth died in Santa Barbara, and,
characteristically, Catholic eulogies, Buddhist chants, and Beat poems were performed at
his funeral.
Kenneth Rexroth’s distinctive poetic voice emphasized sexuality, ecology, and mysticism
and provided an aesthetic alternative to social realism and New Critical formalism.
Although some feminists have objected to his philandering and dated representations of
women, as a writer and editor, Rexroth generously promoted both male and female radical
writers. His contributions energized postwar American poetry.
Bibliography
Rexroth’s papers are located at the University of California, Los Angeles and the
University of Southern California. Rexroth’s collections of poetry also include The
Signature of All Things (1949), In Defense of the Earth (1956), Natural
Numbers (1963), Elastic Retort (1973), New Poems (1974), and Flower
Wreath Hill (1991). His translations include 100 Poems from the Chinese (1956),
100 Poems from the Japanese (1964), Pierre Reverdy, Selected Poems (1969), Love
and the Turning Year (1970), Orchid Boat (1972), 100 Poems from the French
(1972), and 100 More Poems from the Japanese (1976). His play Beyond the
Mountains was published in 1951. His essays include Bird in the Bush (1959), Assays
(1961), Classics Revisited (1968), The Alternative Society (1970), With
Eye and Ear (1970), American Poetry in the Twentieth Century (1971), Communalism
(1974), and More Classics Revisited (1984). An Autobiographical Novel was
published in 1966. Lee Bartlett, ed., Kenneth Rexroth and James Laughlin: Selected
Letters, appeared in 1991. See Bradford Morrow, "An Outline of Unpublished
Rexroth Manuscripts, and an Introductory Note to Three Chapters from the Sequel to An
Autobiographical Novel," Sagetrieb 2, no. 3 (Winter 1983): 135-44.
The major biography is Linda Hamalian’s A Life of Kenneth Rexroth (1991).
Critical studies include Morgan Gibson, Kenneth Rexroth (1972), Gibson, Revolutionary
Rexroth: Poet of East-West Wisdom (1986), and Ken Knabb, Relevance of Rexroth
(1990). James Laughlin and Denise Levertov wrote a moving tribute to Rexroth after his
death; see "Remembering Kenneth Rexroth," American Poetry Review 12, no.
1 (1983): 18-19.
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American National Biography Online Feb. 2000. Access Date: Sun Mar 18 12:29:57 2001
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