РефератыИностранный языкHiHistory Outline Essay Research Paper Mrs S

History Outline Essay Research Paper Mrs S

History Outline Essay, Research Paper


Mrs. S Chris Johnson


History 10-H November 14, 1999


History Outline


A world of Progress and Reason


¨ Enlightenment grew out of the scientific revolution of the 1500?s and 1600?s


¨ Joseph Preistly and Antoine Lavoisier built framework for modern chemistry


¨ Edward Jenner developed a vaccine against smallpox


¨ Natural Laws ? Laws that govern human nature


Two views of the social contract


¨ Thomas Hobbes and John Locke made ideas key to the Enlightenment


¨ Thomas Hobbes put ideas into his book, Leviathan


¨ He argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish


¨ Thought life in a ?state of nature? would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short


¨ Hobbes supported the Stuart kings in struggle against parliament


¨ John Locke optimistic view of nature


¨ Thought people were basically reasonable and moral


¨ Believed that all people had Natural Rights ? rights that belonged to all humans from birth


¨ Theses rights included: right to life, liberty, and property


¨ Wrote Two Treatises of Government


¨ It said that people formed governments to protect their natural rights


¨ He rejected absolute monarchy


¨ Also believed that people had the right to overthrow the government


Montesquieu?s spirit of the laws


¨ 1700?s France saw a flowering of enlightenment


¨ early and influential thinker was Baron de Montesquieu


¨ he studied the governments of Europe


¨ often gave sharp criticism of absolute monarchy


¨ wrote, The Spirit of the Laws


¨ discussed governments throughout history and complimented England?s monarchy


¨ his ideas of separation of powers and checks and balances in government were written into the constitution of the United States


The world of the Philosophes


¨ Philosophes? which means ? lovers of wisdom?


¨ Most famous Philosophes was Francois-Marie Arouet who later took the name of Voltaire


¨ His outspoken attacks offended the government and the catholic church


¨ He was imprisoned and exiled


¨ Encyclopedia written by Denis Diderot


¨ Took 25 years to write the 28 volumes


¨ The purpose was to change the general way of thinking


¨ Included articles by leading thinkers of the day including Montesquieu and Voltaire


¨ Denounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, and argued education for all


¨ French government thought the book was an attack on public morals


¨ 20,000 copies were printed


Rousseau: A controversial figure


¨ Most controversial Philosophe was Jean-Jacques Rousseau


¨ Believed people in ?natural state? were basically good


¨ Thought natural innocence was corrupted by the evils of society


¨ Set forth his ideas on government and society in The Social Contract


¨ Thought the individual should be subordinate to the community


¨ Hatred of political and economic oppression woven through out his works


¨ Helped fan the flames of revolt in centuries to come


Limited Natural Rights for Women


¨ Women did have natural rights


¨ These rights were limited to the home and family


¨ Notion that women were by nature inferior to men


¨ Germaine deStael in France and Catherine Macauly and Mary Wollstonecraft in England argued that women had been excluded from the social contract itself


¨ Wollenstonecraft best known British female critic


¨ Accepted that a woman?s first duty was to be a good mother


¨ Felt that a woman should be able to decide what is in her own interest and should not be completely dependent on her husband


¨ She published, Vindication of the Rights of Woman


¨ Called for same education for girls and boys


¨ Argued only education can give women the tools to participate equally with men in public life


New Economic thinking


¨ Physiocrats ? looked for Natural Laws to define a rational economic system


¨ Laissez faire ? allowed businesses to operate with little or no government interference


¨ Claimed that real wealth came from making the land more productive


¨ Extractive industries such as agriculture, mining, and logging produced new wealth


¨ Physiocrats supported free trade and wanted to lift all tariffs


¨ Adam Smith a British economist admired the physiocrats


¨ He argued that Free market ? natural forces of supply and demand, should be allowed to operate and regulate business


¨ A strong supporter of Laissez faire


¨ Believed that the marketplace was better off with out any government regulation


¨ However he did believe that the government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works


¨ His ideas gained increasing influenced as the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe


The challenge of new ideas


¨ The ideas of the enlightenment spread quickly through many levels of society


¨ Coffeehouses were often where people met to discuss new ideas


¨ Europeans had accepted without question a society based on divine right rule, a strict class system and a belief in heavenly reward for earthly suffering


¨ In the Age of Reason such ideas seemed unscientific and irrational


¨ Government and church authorities felt they had a sacred duty to defend the old order


¨ They waged a war of censorship, banning and burning books and imprisoning writers


¨ Writers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau sometimes disguised their ideas in works of fiction


Salons


¨ Salons ? informal social gatherings


¨ Originated in 1600?s


¨ Noblewomen started the idea by inviting a few friends over to their homes for poetry readings


¨ Only the most witty, intelligent, and well-read people were invited to salons


¨ By 1700?s some middle class women began holding salons


¨ Gave middle class citizens the ability to meet with the nobility on an equal footing to discuss and spread enlightenment ideas.


The Salon in the Rue Saint Honore


¨ Inspired from previous visits to Salons Madame Geoffrin eventually set up her own salon in the house on Rue Saint Honore


¨ She entertained poets and philosophers, artists and musicians


¨ On Mondays Geoffrin welcomed artists and musicians


¨ Wednesdays, philosophers and poets came for discussion


¨ Madame donated large sums of money to help support the Encyclopedia


¨ Visiting monarchs paid their respects at what came to be called the ?kingdom? of Rue Saint Honore


¨ Catherine 2nd of Russia and Maria Theresa of Austria often visited


Enlightened Despots


¨ Some monarchs did accept enlightenment ideas


¨ They became Enlightened Despots ? absolute rulers who used their power to bring about social and political change


¨ Frederick the Great King of Prussia from 1740 ? 1786 saw himself as the ?the first servant of the state? with a duty to work for the common good


¨ He admired Voltaire tolerated religious differences welcoming victims of religious persecution


¨ His reforms were directed mainly at making the Prussian government more efficient


¨ Simplified laws


¨ Catherine the Great exchanged letter

s with Voltaire and Diderot


¨ Made limited reforms in law and government


¨ Spoke out against serfdom


¨ Allied herself with the Russian nobles


¨ Joseph 2nd Hapsburg emperor student of enlightenment


¨ Tried to improve the lives of peasants


¨ Chose talented middle class officials rather than nobles to head departments and impose a range of political and legal reforms


¨ Granted toleration to Protestant?s and Jews in his Catholic empire


¨ He also ended censorship


¨ Abolished serfdom


The Arts and Literature


¨ Grand, complex style of art known as Baroque


¨ Baroque paintings were huge, colorful, and full of excitement


¨ They glorified historic battles or the lives of saints


¨ By 1700?s Rococo style was invented


¨ Rococo art was personal, refined, elegant, and charming


¨ Furniture and tapestries featured delicate shells and flower decorations


¨ Also included European versions of Chinese art


¨ Painters showed noble subjects in charming rural settings, surrounded by happy servants and pets


¨ Ballets and operas- plays set to music- were performed at royal courts


¨ Opera houses sprang up from Italy to England to amuse the paying public


¨ Johann Sebastian Bach wrote complex and beautiful religious works for organ and choirs


¨ George Frederick Handel wrote Water Music and other pieces for King George I


¨ His most celebrated work Messiah combines both instruments and choir


¨ Wolgang Amadeus Mozart was only 6 yr. old when he hit it big


¨ Although he was an instant celebrity he died in poverty at the age of 35


¨ Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe


¨ Samuel Richardson wrote Pamela


Lives of the Majority


¨ Villages in Western Europe were relatively more prosperous than those in Eastern Europe


¨ In the west serfdom had largely disappeared


¨ Peasants worked their own patches of land


¨ Others were tenants of large land owners


¨ In Eastern Europe serfdom was firmly rooted


¨ Peasants bound to the land owed labor services to their lords and could be bought and sold with land


¨ In France, peasants still had to provide free labor


¨ In England, country squires had the right to hunt foxes across the plowed and planted fields of their tenants


Global Expansion


¨ England?s location made it well placed to control trade during the Renaissance


¨ In the 1700?s Britain was generally on the winning side in European conflicts


¨ Treaty of Utrecht ? France was forced to give Britain Nova Scotia and Newfoundland


¨ England gained an monopoly in the slave trade in south America


¨ Slave trade brought enormous wealth to British merchants


¨ 1763 Treaty of Paris ? ended the seven years war. Gave Britain all of French Canada


¨ British east India company pushed the French out of India


¨ Britain had no large standing army instead it had a powerful navy


¨ England followed mercantilist policies


¨ 1707 Act of Union ? united Scotland and England in the United Kingdom of Great Britain


¨ United kingdom also included Wales


¨ England had controlled Ireland since the 1100?s


¨ Gave Protestant settlers title to Irish catholic lands


Growth of Constitutional Government


¨ Three new political institutions arose in Britain: Political parties, the Cabinet, and the office of the prime minister


¨ Government whose power is defined and limited by law ? Constitutional Government


¨ British constitution is made up of all acts of parliament over the centuries


¨ Includes: Magna Carta, and bill of rights


¨ Two political parties emerged: Whigs and Tories


¨ Whigs ? backed liberal policies, reflected urban business interests, and supported religious toleration for Protestants. Whigs dominated the parliament in the 1700?s


¨ Tories – conservative landed aristocrats, sought to preserve old traditions, supported broad royal powers and a dominant Anglican church


¨ The two parties represented cliques among the rich powerful men


¨ Votes were often pooled to advance their common interests


¨ A handful of parliamentary advisors set policies they were called the cabinet


¨ Leader of the majority party in parliament and in time the chief official of the British government ? Prime Minister


¨ Robert Walpole considered Britain?s first Prime Minister


Politics and society


¨ A government in which the ruling power belongs to a few people ? Oligarchy


¨ Highest nobles held seats in the house of lords


¨ Wealthy landowners controlled elections in house of commons


¨ The right to vote was limited to few male property owners


¨ Majority of society made a meager living from the land


¨ Landless families faced a harsh and desperate existence


¨ Middle class included successful merchants and manufactures


¨ George the 3rd tried to regain the crown?s powers to no avail many of his policies on America led to the American revolution


The 13 English colonies


¨ By 1750 a string of 13 prosperous colonies stretched along the eastern coast of North America


¨ Part of Britain?s growing empire


¨ Busy centers of commerce


¨ 1600?s parliament had passed the Navigation Acts to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing


¨ colonies were home to diverse religions and ethnic groups


Growing Discontent


¨ George III and his ministers thought that the colonists should help pay for the French Indian war. Britain began to enforce the long-neglected laws regulating colonial trade and parliament passed new laws to raise taxes from the colonies


¨ Colonists protested with, ?no taxation without representation?


¨ They believed since they had no say on parliament that they shouldn?t be taxed


¨ 1770 British soldiers opened fire on a protesting crowd killing 5


¨ called the Boston Massacre


¨ 1773, a handful of colonists staged the Boston tea party throwing cargo of British tea of the ships and into the harbor to protest the new taxes on tea


¨ By April 1775 the crisis exploded into a war


¨ Colonial leaders met in a Continental Congress to decide what actions to take


¨ Congress setup a continental army with George Washington in command


¨ Following year the congress voted for independence and had Thomas Jefferson draft the Declaration of Independence


¨ The Declaration claimed that people had the right ?to alter or abolish? unjust government


¨ on July 4,1776 American leaders adopted the Declaration


The American Revolution


¨ American cause looked bleak


¨ British held New York and Philadelphia, rebels controlled the country side.


¨ American trimuph over the British in Battle of Saratoga


¨ Convinced the French to join the Americans against it?s old rival, Britain


¨ Netherlands and spain soon added their support


¨ Washington forced the surrender of a British army at Yorktown


¨ Two years later American, British , and French negotiators signed the Treaty of Paris


¨ In it Britain recognized the independence of The United States of America


¨ It also accepted the new nation?s western frontier as the Mississippi river

Сохранить в соц. сетях:
Обсуждение:
comments powered by Disqus

Название реферата: History Outline Essay Research Paper Mrs S

Слов:2468
Символов:17140
Размер:33.48 Кб.