, Research Paper
The Stock Market Crash of 1929
The year of 1929 is marked by the Stock Market Crash in which most consider to be the beginning of the Great Depression. This was not the sole cause of the Great Depression, though. The Stock Market Crash was caused by an economy that was not stable enough to handle the high stock prices. The Stock Market Crash helped bring on the Great Depression which forced the United States government to make changes in the regulation of stock exchanges, providing much greater protection for investors.
The United States was a young nation and was not always as powerful as it is now or was in 1929. The United States was formed from European citizens who wanted to start their lives over. So the United States had relatively little money compared to the financial status of the rest of the world. London was considered the center of finance. The United States borrowed money from England and other countries to spur its industry. By 1960 it seemed that the United States would inevitably be the world?s most important business and financial power. The Civil War provided a boost for industry, which jump-started the gradual shift of financial power from London to New York. The United States had a valuable asset in the form of land. The United States was forced to develop itself before it could worry about competing with the world. Hence, the amount of capital was far greater once available to be spent outside the United States. 1914 can be considered the point at which the United States would never be second in the world again. Europe was stricken with war and the United States was turned to for supplies. The wealthy European countries were ravaged by war because of casualties, economic losses, and expensed of war over four years. The United States only was in the war for a year and did not have its country damaged by the war. The United States emerged from World War I being owed billions of dollars for having financed most of the war and was acknowledged to be the leader of the Western world.
The early 1920s were a time of booming industry, of soaring hope and confidence. The ups and downs of the stock market were hardly noticed by the average American. The average American was more concerned with their daily life than the state of the stock market. The economy was such that many new products and services were available to almost everyone, including the automobile, radios, and other products for the home. The stock market was controlled by professionals that worked for large firms who had good financial backing which made it easier to use the market advantageously. Small investors were never shut out of Wall Street but the professionals paid for stock tips and also rigged the market so that certain stocks would rise and fall. This gave small investors a much harder time in making money through the stock market. As the market began to grow more small investors entered the game and were really just gambling their money. Most were not successful but some got lucky or got a good stock tip and rode the rising market until they lost their money too with the Great Crash. At this time nobody had any reason to believe that the stock market would not keep rising.
As the market grew, the stock market became a way of life and was a highly discussed topic among common Americans who were eager to get a piece of the pie. Americans no longer were connected by the common bond of making a life for themselves like at the birth of the nation. The 1920s were an era of revolution in ideas, beliefs, inventions, and ways of living. The nation was totally different after World War I than before. The United States experimented with Prohibition. The Jazz age rose from the streets of Harlem, NY. Women got the right to vote. The whole of society was convinced that anything was possible, not only in the stock market and finances, but also in every facet of life. Most of this is taken for granted now because what was considered a new idea seems commonplace and because the Stock Market Crash of 1929 overshadowed the great improvements in society.
Society?s attitude affected Wall Street, though. The large investing firms thought that the government should not be allowed to interfere with the speculation of finances. This is a common feeling when the economy is booming, that the government is always trying to oppress. The exact opposite is seen when the economy is in a depression and everyone turns to the government for help. The federal government was very limited in its control of the market and could not impose new control efforts at the time because the nation would not agree. As we know now, the stock market would have been better off if the government would have stepped in when the stock market became dangerously high.
One of the main causes for the stock market to become dangerous was because large firms or groups of individuals practiced unfair techniques when buying and selling stocks. This was known as ?rigging? the market. The stock market flows more smoothly through normal buying and selling activity but when certain groups tried to make money in an unfair way they hurt others in the process which concentrated capital. Large pools could control prices more than was healthy for the stock market. Some made fortunes others lost everything. To the public, the stock market seemed as though it would surely make them money, and were buying. The insiders were controlling the market though, setting the stage for the greatest crash of all time.
The booming economy in the United States was not typical of the whole world. England had its share of problems concerning currency. The people wanted gold to again be used as it was before the war. They felt that it was a valuable metal and provided a solid backing for currency. The British government finally agreed, after a lot of pressure, to re-instate the gold standard but it was a new version where gold would be used to back up paper money and gold would be used to handle international debts. The pound was put into use, which created a problem. The pound was overvalued in terms of other currencies meaning that people had to pay more to by British goods. Naturally, people bought goods elsewhere to avoid the currency exchange rate of the pound. Instead of realizing what was happening, the British tried to lower the price, which in turn lowered wages and caused strikes to break out in England around 1926. German?s were not better off. Of course their country was destroyed physically by war, but the financial system was very poor at this time in Germany. Germany was forced to pay reparations according to the Treaty of Versailles plus the inflation was so bad that German currency was absolutely worthless. The German public was enraged about this and the fact that they lost a lot of what they considered their land because of the war. The new government installed in Germany after the war called the Weimar republic was a democracy. The German public could not adjust to this making governmental intervention a difficult task. France and the rest of Europe faced the same effects. Inflation was uncontrolled and the political systems were thrown into upheaval.
Since the United States was so financially secure at this time, countries like Britain and France naturally asked for assistance. They appealed to the Federal Reserve Board to make cuts in interest rates in the United States. This would make the United States less attractive to investors and would maybe cause investment in Europe instead. By increasing the money supply in the United States, the dollar would be worth less and make American goods more expensive while lowering the price of foreign goods. At this time the United States thought that this would not benefit it at this time. After all, the economy was booming, nearly everyone was working, people were making money from the stock market, and life was generally pleasant. Taking actions that would have hurt the United States would not have been appreciated by businessmen and normal citizens as well. The United States paid little attention to these pleas. There has always been talk that if the Federal Reserve Board would have stepped in that their would have been no boom in speculation, greatly reducing the risk of a crash. The argument against this is the fact that the Federal Reserve Banking system has little control of the economy, but can only make changes spurring growth or decline.
Other theories put the blame on foreign countries too. One allegation states that stock speculation and ?gambling? the market was a trait the United States adopted from Europe. However, the get rich quick attitude of Americans is just as great as the Europeans. The California Gold Rush and the Florida Real Estate Boom prove this. The United States Government can still consume most of the blame. At that day and age, it was hard to expect economists to predict exactly what would happen with the stock market rising so rapidly. They could have realized that it was a dangerous situation. The government felt too threatened by business. When the government stepped in businessmen, bankers, and society in general criticized them for trying to take action when none was deemed necessary.
By 1928 the stock market had reached the point of no return. The stock market fluctuated greatly and the risk of the stock market became greater. The rigging of stocks became so common that people of great esteem thought nothing wrong of manipulating stocks in way that actually defrauded the public. By the inevitability of a market collapse was upon the United States but nobody expected that a full-fledged business depression was to come about because of it. At this time three million shares were traded each day. Slowly it rose to four and five million shares per day. By November 1928 a daily volume of six million shares was reached. It must be realized that industrial stocks rose at a normal rate at this time, approximately growing by a third. The individual stocks are what marked disaster. For example, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) grew a unheard of 400 percent in 1928. In 1929 the stock market continued to grow at a dangerous pace. People borrowed money at high interest rates figuring to make enough in the stock market to cover the interest and still profit greatly. With people concentrating so much energy in the stock market, few realized that production could not keep up with the stock market. The automobile and construction industries had a small decline but people disregarded it as normal. Few Americans decided to sell-out for a profit. Most refused to believe the boom was coming to a halt. Stock market prices were now driven up by the sheer power of speculative demand. In other words, there was nothing concrete to backup the stock prices.
By mid-October, the stock market was in a bad state. No major boom could revive the quality stocks that took a sharp dive. Fear began to take the place of greed in Wall Street. The word ?sell?
The Stock Market Crash of 1929 marked a new era that was not immediately realized. Just as the rising stock market had provided industry with the capital to expand, the falling market caused industry to move into recession. The recession was becoming so bad because industry had already started moving down before the stock market. When the crash came, industry was forced to cut back. This was the end of a laid back lifestyle. Everybody was forced to work for their own money. The crash also brought on more governmental regulations protecting investors from being cheated and preventing small groups to control the market. President Hoover was not in a great position to be elected to another term of office. He made efforts for reform but his ideas were not extreme enough to handle the severity of the depression that was now at hand.
Franklin Roosevelt began his political career in 1910, when he won a seat in the New York State Senate. President Wilson shortly thereafter appointed him to secretary of the Navy in 1913. He held that position until 1920 when he ran as a Vice Presidential candidate but lost. He returned to private business. In 1921 he was stricken with Polio which he would struggle with the rest of his life. Roosevelt was out of politics until 1928 when he became Governor of the state of New York. He was re-elected in 1930. In New York State, Roosevelt tackled the depression with strong ideas and actions. His chances as being nominated as a presidential candidate were obvious and he won easily over President Hoover in 1932. Roosevelt decided to approach the problems of the whole nation the way he approached the problems he faced in New York State. The main difference between Hoover and Roosevelt was the fact that Hoover was a conservative and Roosevelt a liberal. Conservatives function well in good times but cannot make big changes to turn around a bad situation. Roosevelt decided to not wait for the economy to eventually turn around but started taking action immediately upon gaining his power, mainly the New Deal.
Three different portions of economy had to be improved at the time. First were the social aspects. Roosevelt had to find a way to counter the unemployment trend and help the farmers overcome the low prices and dust storms. Secondly, industry and finance needed to be resurrected. The important industries, the ones deemed necessary for survival, like coal, oil, and textiles needed to be helped first. Banks and capital were needed for industrial growth for the economy to make an upward movement. Lastly, protection measures had to be put in place so that the economy would not falter so badly again. This included protection for investors in stocks and bonds, protection for bank depositors, protection for farmers against low prices and dust bowls, and protection for industry. In President Roosevelt?s inaugural speech he blamed the people that controlled business and ?the money changers who have no fled.? His actions were swift because the House and Senate were now of Democratic majority. Within days banks began to re-open. Laws were passed to initiate new programs of economic reform and financial reform with Roosevelt?s idea that the government was responsible for the welfare of the people. Today this is taken for granted by most Americans but at this time it was a tough but necessary change. Before the Great Crash people thought it was up to society, industry and finance would control everything without much governmental interference.
A major step in Roosevelt?s New Deal was the devaluation of the dollar. He banned the export or hoarding of gold so that the dollar was worth less in terms of gold. With the dollar value too high, American goods were too expensive on the foreign market and would not be purchased. It also made imports cheaper than domestic goods. By making the dollar worth less in gold, Roosevelt stimulated a foreign demand in American goods. This inflation, as long as it was controlled well, would help get most of the United States industry rolling again. The other major area of the New Deal was aimed at farmers. Legislation was passed to raise the prices of farm products. Prices were, of course, a result of supply and demand. The Federal government paid farmers for leaving part of their land unplanted.
The total effect of the New Deal was much more than recovery from the stock market collapse and the Depression. The nation was given a new way of life, a new way of looking at social and economic problems. The federal government began spending more money than it raised on taxes by borrowing on deficit. This primed the economy for growth out of the depression. The nation would not be fully recovered until greatly stimulated by the need for supplies when the Second World War began.
The main effect of the depression in the United States was the many reforms made by the government to control business and finance. The amount of corruption present in the late 1920?s was unimaginable. Financial reform was a must. Most of the reform was carried out when Franklin Roosevelt was president, beginning in 1933. The Securities Act of 1933 required issuers of stocks and bonds to give much more information than formerly about the securities they were offering to the public. The Banking Act of 1933 made it unlawful for banks to have ?security affiliates,? who used bank savings to make profits by gambling on the stock market. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulated stock market trading. These acts gave investors more piece of mind because they knew more about what they were buying or investing in and it also gave them more protection from fraud. It also prevented insiders to control market fluctuations. The Trust Indenture Act of 1939 forced the trustee, who was responsible for protecting the interests of the investor, to specify the rights of the holders of securities. This was because many trustees? loyalty was split between the debtor and the investor. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was the most important step for Wall Street. It was fought against desperately by the aristocrats who believed in the divine right of those with money. The SEC was a sort of policeman on Wall Street. It made sure that the public received enough information about the stock market and the securities themselves. It made rules to help the investor and insured a minimum standard of behavior on the part of the investor and seller. The Federal Reserve Board received authority to fix margin requirements on the trading of securities, making it more difficult for speculation to rise uncontrollably, since the investor had to pay more if not all of the full price.
The Depression did more than fix the immediate problems concerning corruption and chaos of the stock market. It changed the attitude of the American public as well. Few before the crash would have agreed that the government should closely supervise every transaction. It was the exact opposite after the crash. Today we take for granted the fact that the government controls our national economic and financial policies. Bank deposits are secured, stock operators cannot lie and steal from the investor, and banks cannot gamble on stocks. The current system, however, is not perfect and never will be. There will always be abuse and corruption concerning our financial system as long as those with money still have the power. The government, no matter how many regulations that it passes, is still at the hands of the rich.
Many ask one question when discussing the Stock Market Crash of 1929: Can it happen again? The answer has to be a yes because there is always the possibility that the stock market will out grow industry once again. The likelihood, however, that it will happen again diminishes as time goes on. People today are more informed than ever. They make wiser decisions and can act rationally instead of rushing to sell at a moment?s notice. The government also has better control of Wall Street with every passing year. Economists understand how the market is related to industry and vice versa, so they can control it better by recognizing that something is wrong further in advance. This is proven in that the country is wealthier now than ever and still is able to operate normally. People become less panicked when faced with a dip in the stock market because they realize that it cannot always rise, they just relax and wait for their stock to climb back up. With more control placed in the government?s hands, the stock market is a proven way to make money. It has become many people?s career to examine and control the market. With the government in control it is an investor?s market, and is available to make a lot of money or to lose some. As long as it is practiced in moderation, it should never turn into a disaster like the Stock Market Crash of 1929.
Works Cited
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3. Kaplan, Charles J. Stocks and the Stock Market Resource Center. [Online] Available http://www.e-analytics.com/stockdir.htm February 1st, 1998
4. Klingaman, William, K. 1929 The Year of the Great Crash. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. ?1989
5. McElvaine, Robert S. The Great Depression. New York: Times Books. ?1984
6. Sherrow, Victoria. Hardship and Hope. New York: Twenty-First Century Books. ?1997
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