РефератыИностранный языкInIntegrated Pest Management Essay Research Paper Integrated

Integrated Pest Management Essay Research Paper Integrated

Integrated Pest Management Essay, Research Paper


Integrated Pest Management


Integrated pest management (IPM) is a recently developed technology for pest


control that is aimed at achieving the desired control while reducing the use of


pesticides. To accomplish this, various combinations of chemical, biological,


and physical controls are employed. In the past, pesticides were all too often


applied routinely whether needed or not. With IPM, pest populations as well as


beneficial parasite and predator populations are monitored to determine whether


the pests actually present a serious problem that needs to be treated. If


properly and extensively employed, IPM might reduce pesticide use by as much as


50 percent, while at the same time improving pest control. If this goal were


achieved, the environmental problems would be minimized, and significant


benefits would result for farmers and society as a whole.


IPM coordinates economically and environmentally acceptable methods of pest


control with judicious and minimal use of toxic pesticides. IPM programs assess


local conditions, including climate, crop characteristics, the biology of the


pest species, and soil quality, to determine the best method of pest control.


Tactics employed include better tillage to prevent soil erosion and introduction


of beneficial insects that eat harmful species. Many pests that are attached to


crop residues can be eliminated by plowing them underground. Simple paper or


plastic barriers placed around fruit trees deter insects, which can also be


attracted

to light traps and destroyed. Weeds can be controlled by spreading


grass, leaf, or black plastic mulch. Weeds also may be pulled or hoed from the


soil.


Many biological controls are also effective. Such insect pests as the European


corn borer, and the Japanese beetle, have been controlled by introducing their


predators and parasites. Wasps that prey on fruit-boring insect larvae are now


being commercially bred and released in California orchards. The many hundreds


of species of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and nematodes that parasitize


pest insects and weeds are now being investigated as selective control agents.


Another area of biological control is breeding host plants to be pest resistant,


making them less prone to attack by fungi and insects. The use of sex pheromones


is an effective measure for luring and trapping insects. Pheromones have been


synthesized for the Mediterranean fruit fly, the melon fly, and the Oriental


fruit fly. Another promising pest-control method is the release of sterilized


male insects into wild pest populations, causing females to bear infertile eggs.


Of these techniques, breeding host-plant resistance and using beneficial


parasites and predators are the most effective. Interestingly, the combined use


of biological and physical controls accounts for more pest control than chemical


pesticides.


And with that, I conclude this report with saying that we should pay more


attention to Integrated Pest Management to help achieve a better future for our


generation and the next generation to come.

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