Chief Illiniwek Essay, Research Paper
Are you anti-Chief or pro-Chief? Before I answered that question I decided to educate myself on the topic and saw this research paper as the perfect opportunity. What I wanted to know was when was the Chief Illiniwek introduce, what the deal is with the dance, and who and why did this anti-Chief movement start.
The tradition of Chief Illiniwek was started on October 30, 1926, during a football game against the University of Pennslyvania. Raymond Dvorak, who was the Marching Illini director of the time, chose the person, Lester Leutweiler, who portrayed the first Chief Illiniwek. Lester Leutweiler, a Caucasian, was chosen because he had studied Native American dance and leather work as a Boy Scout. Leutweiler made the first Chief Illiniwek custom and created the first dance. Another University of Illinois student who was dressed up as the University of Pennsylvania Quaker joined Lester, in the first dance. During the performance, both came out on the field together. After they each puffed on a peace pipe briefly, Lester performed the dance for the first time. (Beckham 3). Since Lester Leutweiler, there have been 33 students to portray Chief Illiniwek, one of which was a female student. (Beckham 8).
The second student who portrayed Chief Illiniwek was Webber Borchers. Borchers was the first student, who portrayed Chief Illiniwek, to wear an authentic Native American outfit. He traveled to a South Dakota reservation, where he stayed for a couple months, and an elderly Native American woman and her apprentice handcrafted the outfit for him.
On September 25, 1982, Sioux Chief Frank Fools Crow traveled to the University of Illinois with fellow Sioux elders Anthony Whirlwind Horse and Joe American Horse. (Chief Illiniwek 5) Chief Frank Fools Crow was considered the greatest Native American spiritual leader of the 19th century. (http://www.chief.uiuc.edu/FoolsCrow/frank.htm). During halftime ceremony, Chief Fools Crow gave the University of Illinois the regalia that are currently worn by Chief Illiniwek. (Chief Illiniwek). The regalia were Chief Fools Crow?s own, which was handcrafted by his wife. Many say Chief Fools Crow was proud to present the University of Illinois with the gift because his work and his wife?s would be shared and be seen by many. ?The power and the ways are given to us to be passed on to others. To think anything else is pure selfishness. We get more by giving them away, and if we do not give them away, we lose them.?-Fools Crow (http://www.chief.uiuc.edu/FoolsCrow/frank.htm). Sadly enough Chief Frank Fools Crow passed away in 1989.
The dance Chief Illiniwek performs during halftime is a pow-wow dance, which is a way of meeting together, to join in dancing, singing, visiting, renewing old friendships and making new ones. (Deleary and Dashner 4). More specifically Chief Illiniwek is a type of Oglala-Lakota Sioux dance called Fancy dance, which is celebratory in nature, has no religious, war or ceremonial significance. (Tice 14). The origin of Pow Wow (fancy dance) is believed to be the societies of the Poncha and other Southern Plains tribes. These dances may have had different meaning in the past but today they are social dances. Although dance styles and content have changed, their meaning and importance has not. (Deleary and Dashner 4). The dance consists of two main parts, the downfield dance and the solo dance. The Chief performs the dance with the Marching Illini during what is called the Three in One. The Three in One consists of three
traditional University of Illinois songs; “Pride of the Illini”, “March of the Illini”, and “Hail to the
clap in rhythm to the cadence of the snare drum. As the Marching Illini nears the North endzone, the Chief appears, bursts through the block band, and dances downfield toward the South endzone. After the Chief reaches the south endzone, he returns to the center of the field for the Alma Mater. During the downfield portion of the dance, the Marching Illini, which has been marching in block band formation towards the North endzone, performs a difficult countermarch maneuver and marches back towards the center of the field spelling “ILLINI”. As the band finishes spelling “ILLINI”, the Chief returns to the center of the field. The downfield portion of the dance is now complete. (http://www.chief.uiuc.edu/tradition/performance/dance.htm).
On October 16,1998 I heard Charlene Teters, founder of anti-Chief movement, speak at the University YMCA. The majority of those who intended were white males and Latinos. She was one of three Native American students recruited to the University of Illinois, to pursue her bachelor?s degree in art, from the Art Institute of Native American. She is the mother of two children, a wife, Senior Editor for Indian Artist Magazine and a Spokane Indian.
When she first arrived to the University of Illinois, she and the other two Native Americans recruited walked around campus. What she, along with the other two students, discovered was that the campus was insensitive to Native American students. They found degrading images of the Chief; such as a bar, which was called home of the Drinking Illini, with a falling intoxicated Indian, toilet paper with the Chief?s face on every sheet, and a door mat with the Chief?s face on it which was worn out. But at the time they had no support system to protest against the issue.
The reason she started the anti-Chief movement was for her kids. She did not say in what year, but she took her two kids to a basketball game and during the halftime show she noticed her kids slouch into their chair like they wanted to disappear. What they saw was the Chief, which they had always been taught to hold in high honor, making a fool of himself and thus embarrassing Native Americans. At the following home game she, by herself, decided to protest and she was treated without any respect. People spit on her, kicked her, and the media tried to ridicule her. All this backfired and she won support that she needed to start and continue to fight against the Chief.
Attractive, articulate and eloquent Ms. Teters is very often on-camera, describing
lucidly how and why she and many others feel that the Illiniwek type of activities, symbols, logos, regalia, mascots –plus many inauthenticities–are blows to Indian pride and self-esteem since they constitute non-respect of important rituals. (http://fantasia.ncsa.uiuc.edu/~jayr/NG.HTML). Another way she protests against Chief Illiniwek is through her art and educating other about the cons- of Chief Illiniwek. The most interesting form of her protest was through her art. For example, she has drawn a caricature of Abraham Lincoln, which completely ridicules him, but she calls it a symbol of pride honoring him ?since we are in the Land of Lincoln.? So basically she uses it as a comparison to the way the anti-Chief supporters view the Chief.