The Battle Of Vicksburg Essay, Research Paper
The Civil War split our nation, Americans fighting Americans, brother against brother. The war lasted four long years, a key battle fought westward was the turning point in the war: the Battle of Vicksburg.
Between Cairo, Illinois, and the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi River twists and winds for nearly 1,000 miles. Commonly referred to as ‘the trunk of the American tree’. The river was vital to both the American Government and to the Confederate forces in the west.
The city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, 250 feet high, overlooks the Mississippi River on the Louisiana-Mississippi state border. Confederate forces mounted artillery batteries ready to challenge the passage of Union ships. Receiving control of Vicksburg and the Mississippi River was a huge benefit in the war. Due to the Geographic location made it ideal for defense.
Before the outbreak of the Civil War, Vicksburg, Mississippi had become one of the most prosperous and sophisticated towns on the old southern frontier. The city was a booming center of trade, its wharves crowded with boats carrying all manner of goods and commodities. It boasted a municipal orchestra, a Shakespeare repertory company, and an imposing courthouse in the Greek revival style. To its proud citizens, Vicksburg was the “Queen City of the Bluff” and a center, as one of them wrote, of “culture, education and luxury.”
All this was to change with coming of the war. By early 1862 the peaceful town had become one of the most strategically important spots in the entire Confederacy- and would soon be one of the most bitterly fought over.
From the beginning of the war in 1861, to protect their most prized possession, the Confederacy put up fortifications at strategic points along the river. Federal forces eventually captured post after post. After fighting their way southward from Illinois and northward from the Gulf of Mexico. Until by late summer of 1862, only Vicksburg and Port Hudson appeared to be major constraints to the Union.
Of the two posts, Vicksburg was by far the strongest and most important. Setting high over looking a bend in the river, protected by artillery and dangerous swamps. So far the city had defied Union efforts to force it into submission.
In order to protect the Mississippi Valley, Confederates established a line of defense, which ran from Columbus, Kentucky, overlooking the Mississippi River trough Bowling Green to Cumberland Gap where the bright flank was secure on the mountains. On the Mississippi River, south of Columbus, fortifications were also placed on island number 10 and on the Chickasaw Bluffs north of Memphis. Seventy miles below New Orleans, two powerful masonry forts supported Jackson and St. Philip stood guard at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Anxious to confront the task, Union land and navel forces moved from two directions. In a huge attack to gain control of the Mississippi from the Confederate troops heading south from Cairo, Illinois, federal forces took forts Henry and Donelson on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers respectfully and opened the pathway of invasion to the south.
Efforts by Union land and navel forces to capture Vicksburg and open the great waterway to navigation ended in failure. It was only a matter of time before war centered in on Vicksburg. The first threat developed in May 1862, when the ships from the West Gulf Blockading Squadron arrived bellow Vicksburg and demanded that they surrender. The surrender was refused.
It was then realized by both Union and Confederate high commands that if Vicksburg were going to fall, it would be in the hands of a huge combined land and navel effort. A decision was made to construct a line of defense around the city, which would guard the road and railroad access to Vicksburg.
Strategists in Washington had no choice but to use ground forces. Therefore appointing Ulysses S. Grant in October of 1862. He was chosen to be the commander of the Department of the Tennessee and in charge of clearing the Mississippi of Confederate resistance.
Grant’s long campaign to capture Vicksburg on the Mississippi was one of the most important series of connected battles during the Civil War. So long as the Confederacy controlled the great river, it could prevent the Union from bringing its full weight to bear against Lee in Virginia. Viclesburg’s situation on a bend of the river made it extremely hard to attack. Navel assaults were fruitless, as shown by the fate of the U.S.S. Cairo’s, which was sunk in just a few moments.
During the winter of 1862-1863, Grant conducted the Bayou Expeditions, or amphibious operations, all to try to reduce Vicksburg. Needless to say-they all failed. After months of frustration and failure, Grant had reached crossroads in his military career. There was a lot of talking in the northern press to remove him from command. Even members of the U.S. Cabinet urged President Lincoln to replace Grant as commander of the western army. The President could not spare this man because he fought. He decided to try him a little longer.
At this point, Grant was where he had started 2 months ago. He traveled down the west side of the river stopping northwest of Vicksburg. Unsuccessfully, Grant tried to reach Vicksburg: two attempts to bypass the city to the south and another two attempts to cross the Yazoo Delta to the north. The date was Mach 1863 and Grant was still at square one.
On March 29, 1863, Grant opted to march south. Grant ordered Major General John A. McClernand of the thirteenth corps to open a road form Milliken’s Bend to New Carthange on the Mississippi River below Vicksburg. The movement didn’t actually begin until March 31.
Grant’s infantrymen made their way south through Louisiana, building roads and bridge each step of the way. On diversion, brought on by Major General Frederick Steele, was to move a division north of Vicksburg to destroy supply stations and take livestock that Confederate forces desperately needed. And on the plus side, Steele was going to get Pemperton’s attention in the north, spread his forces, and conceal Union movement to Hard Times. This was surprisingly a success. Hurlbut contributed the second diversion; he was to launch a pattern of cavalry raids to strain Pemperton’s already thin defense. Sherman had the third diversion. He was to draw forces away from Vicksburg towards Haynes Bluff.
Grant, beginning to think his plan had failed, encountered an escaped slave. The slave then notified Grant on the location of a good road to Bruinsburg. Grant moved his forces further south. On May 1, 1863, Grant finally reached the eastside. He then began making a supply base while waiting for Sherman and his forces.
While Grant was waiting for supplies from Memphis, which was taking too long, he left with out them. He knew if he would wait for the supplies, Vicksburg would have time to be reinforced. Grant decided not to wait for the supplies any longer and just move to Jackson and attack Vicksburg from the rear. The Union leaders hardly agreed with this “carry-what-you-can” plan and sent a message to Grant to wait for the suppl
Sherman joined Grant on May 7th; the exact same day Grant would begin his movement to Jackson. He moved thru Rocky Springs to Raymond. McClernand was ordered to move straight north to Auburn. Grant wanted Pemperton to assume that his next target was Champion’s Hill. McPherson and Sherman got to Raymond on May 12th after Confederate forces retreated to Jackson. Soon, McClernand met up with Grant and Raymond, Grant made McPherson destroy the railroad in Clinton to prevent reinforcements and re-supply, then move eastward to Jackson. Sherman was to attack Jackson from Raymond, and McClernand was to stay in Raymond to protect the rear and reinforce Sherman or McPherson.
Jackson had 6,000 Confederate troops to Grant’s 25,000 Union troops. Needless to say, Jackson was taken relatively easily. The commander at Jackson, General Joe Johnston, retreated his forces north to Canton. Grant’s decision to keep going without supplies was key to this victory. If he had waited for supplies, they would have then had to face an increasingly growing Confederate army of over 14,000 troops with another 9,000 close behind. Grant was now in position to take what he initially came to take: Vicksburg.
At this point, the Confederate’s moral was very low while the Union’s confidence was increasing. Union forces almost seemed invincible. Grant’s success was defiantly having an impact.
On May 18th, the federal army crossed the Big Black River and pushed towards Vicksburg. The first Union forces arrived in this direction was the 15th Army Corps under the command of Major General William T. Sherman, Grant’s most trusted and experienced subordinate officer. The next corps to get there was that of the 17th Corps commanded by the young James McPherson. The final Corps arrived, the 13th Army Corps commanded by Major General John McClernand, as these troops arrived, they started to slowly make their lines longer to the left and to the right. While investigating the Confederates works and prepare for the attack, which they knew, would be ordered shortly.
On May 19th, Grant decided to make a better reconnaissance then furl his entire force against Vicksburg on May 22nd. Early that morning, Union artillery fell silent. Union Soldiers moved forward for over three miles, toward the defense of Vicksburg. Again they succeed in planting the red, white, and blue on the parapets of Vicksburg and many other places making a short line at a railroad redden one McClernand’s front, but where forced back a second time with a devastating loss. In the assault on May 22nd, killed, wounded, or missing…Grant lost over 3,000 people.
When Grant got to Vicksburg in mid-May, he tried two assaults that didn’t really work. The second assault on May 22nd had worse results than the first on May 17th. Realizing his attacks wouldn’t work, Grant decided to settle down to regular siege operations. Pemperton couldn’t get any supplies in and no confederates could get out of Vicksburg. Grant knew Pemperton wouldn’t last very much longer. Grant also got reinforcements to increase Union numbers to 70,000 to Pemperton’s 30,000 Confederates.
As Grant thought about his next move, he left behind his dead and his wounded many that have been lying exposed since May 19th. Being exposed to the sun, rain, and heat took a number on the lying corps. The bodies of the dead started to bloat and turn black. The stench was so sickening; one Confederate thought the Yanks were trying stink them out of Vicksburg. On May 25th, white flags appeared along the Confederate line, Union soldiers were hopeful that the city would soon be surrendered and given up to the Union forces. This wasn’t the case, however, as word quickly spread that a note was passed from Pemberton to Grant saying that in name of humanity that Grant should bury his dead as the odor had become very offensive.
A Mississippi summer consists of temperatures exceeding 110 degrees, and humidity always up around 200%. This means that water has to be a huge necessity. Disease began to spread rapidly throughout the ranks, dysentery, diarrhea, malaria, and various fevers took a toll on human life.
Hundreds of men could be seen lying their weapons down and walking or crawling as best they could towards the direction of the hospitals in Vicksburg. Public buildings were completely filled, many residences were converted into hospitals, but even there, there weren’t any medications that could be provided to them. Each day, dead wagons as they were called, made the rounds of the hospitals and the dead brought out in everyday increasing numbers. They were laid to rest in the city cemetery, north of town.
As May eventually faded into June, Grant moved up his infantry and artillery, first within 300 yards, then 200 yards, then 100 yards. The object was to get as close to the enemy as possible. So if an attack was ordered, all they had to do was get out of their man-made ditched, over the parapet and among the enemy. This would help cut down on casualties and help the troops strengthen which would vacate the enemy.
An option was to tunnel underneath the enemy, hollow out rooms, fill them with black powder and destroy the fortifications of Vicksburg. Union soldiers excavated 13 approaches. Of the 13, the most popular was called Logan’s approach, situated along the Jackson Road, here in the center of the Confederate line. They excavated a trench 7 feet deep and 8 feet wide.
On June 25th, 2,200 pounds of black powder was placed into the mine. At 3 p.m., the fuse was lit. Tense moments passed then the ground gave way and a column of flame and dirt touched the sky. Before the dust could settle, Union soldiers ran into the crater in an attempt to secure the breach. This battle lasted for 26 hours. The confederates at the point of bayonet sealed the breach. The Union planned had failed.
In early July, Pemperton and Grant began negotiations for the conditions of surrender. On July 4th, 1863, the Confederates surrendered. Grant road horseback along the Jackson Road and down to the Warren County Courthouse, where he watched the stars and the stripes be placed on top of the building. When word reached President Lincoln, he sighed, “Thank God, the Father of waters again goes on decks to the sea.”
Bibliography
References
Books
? Grant Wins the War by James R. Arnold
? Civil War; Mississippi by Michael B. Ballard
? Mathew Brady’s Illustrated History of the Civil War by Benson J. Lossing
? Commander in chief Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War by Albert Marrin
? Battlefields of the Civil War by James V. Murfin
? The Boys’ War by Jim Murphy
Internet Sites
? http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammen/today/
? http://www.americancivilwar.com/vicks.html
? http://cicilwarhome.com/battlesofvicksburg.htm
? http://www.thehistorynet.com/americasCivlwar/articles/2000/09002_1text.htm
? http://www.thehistorynet.com.americascivilwar/articles/2000/05002_text.htm