Influence Of Ancient Greek Times Essay, Research Paper
Influence of Ancient Greek Times
All through history the Greeks have influenced our lives in more ways than most people could imagine. To this day we use many ideas and ways of life that the Greeks used thousands of years ago. “Everywhere Greek traders went, they took Greek ideas with them. People throughout the ancient world were influenced by Greek thought and culture.” “Their greatness was largely the result of achievements of their artists, scientists, and philosophers.” The Greeks developed the study of many sciences, including geography, botany, zoology, and geometry. The Greeks also deeply influenced architecture, art, science, philosophy, literature, organized sports, and government. Throughout Ancient Greek times they went through many “ages”. Including the golden age and the Renaissance, in these times they produced many great and important people and playwrights that would enhance the arts of drama forever.
For many centuries, Greece was the center of the ancient world. Their military was mighty but it was not the reason they acquired all their power. Their idea of government started when several of their cities became so powerful they needed an organized way to run them. They had city-states which included the city itself and the land and small villages around it. “Although they did not have one central government, the people of the Greek city-states had a deep national pride. The Greeks spoke the same language, shared the same customs, and believed in the same gods. They had a
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deep love for their country and felt superior to the rest of the world. Most of the city-states built fleets of ships, and the Greeks became the most powerful traders in the Mediterranean making them over more brawny than before. Land owners, or nobles, gradually assumed more and more political power, this ended up charging the structure of government from monarchy to Oligarchy. The Greeks responded to this with growing demands for a voice from the government. Tyrants offered things to families in exchange for popular support. Their position was totally dependent upon the promises made to the people. The fact of government changed from oligarchy to democracy, a government that was perfected by the Greeks and is still in use today.
Of all the city-states, the two strongest were Sparta and Athens. Sparta was a military state. All the boys were trained to be soldiers, and all the children were taught to be physically tough. All men had to live in military barracks until they were thirty years old. Athens, on the other hand, became famous as an “artistic and cultural center.” The architecture, drama, sculpture, and poetry produced in Athens are still admitted today. During the “Golden Age”, Athens and other Greek cities produced their finest words or art. “It may be said that the cultural goal of that time was a combination of clarity simplicity, and proportion, motivated by high seriousness and dedicated to giving eternal validity to understanding of men and nature.” Athenian culture reached its greatest time of development. This period is called the Age of Pericles, named the “brilliant statesman under whose guidance Athens flourished.” Under his administration, the Acropolis was reconstructed after it being demolished by the Persians. In this period they made the Greek temples and civic buildings also. To recreate daily life, religion, and myth, sculpture and painting played a huge role.
The Greeks religion was polytheistic. Polytheistic means that the Greeks had many gods. The Gods of the Greeks were anthropomorphic, which meant that they
resembled man in appearance and character. They were superhuman in powers, but behaved as humans. It was easy to tell the difference between the more important gods and the not so important one because of the way they portrayed them. The way they worshipped their gods varied widely. “The adventures of the gods and their relationship with each other and with mortals formed a rich body of mythology. Delphi was the
holiest Greek city. It had a magnificent temple dedicated to the god Apollo and a famous oracle. Myth, in turn, became identified with spiritual and moral tenets, and functioned often to explain to the Greeks the phenomena of their physical world”, such as fire and rain. Eventually, Greek drama came to have a religious function, and keeping with the function of the drama, myth was the suitable source for its plot and substance.
In Greek tragedy, suffering brought knowledge of worldly matters and of the individual. Aristotle attempted to explain how an audience could observe tragic events and still have a pleasurable experience. Aristotle, by searching the works of writers of Greek tragedy, Aeschulus, Euripides and Sophocles (whose Oedipus Rex he considered the finest of all Greek tragedies), arrived at his definition of tragedy. This explanation has a profound influence for more than twenty centuries on those writing tragedies, most significantly Shakespeare. Aristotle’s analysis of tragedy began with a description of the effect such a work had on the audience as a “catharsis” or purging of the emotions. He decided that catharsis was the purging of two specific emotions, pity and fear. The hero has made a mistake due to ignorance, not because of wickedness or corruption. Aristotle used the word “hamartia”, which is the “tragic flaw” or offense
committed in ignorance. For example, Oedipus is ignorant of his true parentage when he commits his fatal deed.
Oedipus Rex is one of the stories in a three-part myth called the Thebian cycle. The structure of most all Greek tragedies is similar to Oedipus Rex. “Such plays are divided in to five parts, the prologue or introduction, the “prados” or entrance of the chorus, four episode or acts separates from one another by “stasimons” or choral odes, and “exodos”, the action after the last stasimon”. These odes are lyric poetry, lines sung as the chorus moved rhythmically across the orchestra. The lines that accompanied the movement of the chorus in one direction were called “strophe”; the return movement was accompanied by lines called “antistrophe”. The choral ode might contain more than one strophe or antistrophe.
Greek tragedy originated in honor of the god of wine, Dionysus, the patron god of tragedy. The performance took place in an open-air theater. The word tragedy is derived from the term “tragedia” or “goat-song”, named for the goatskins the chorus wore in the performance. The plots came from legends of the Heroic Age. Tragedy grew from a choral lyric, as Aristotle said, “tragedy is largely based on life’s pity and splendor”.
The Father of the drama was Thesis. In 535 BC he created the first actor. The actor performed in intervals between the dancing of the chorus and conversing at times with the leader of the chorus. The tragedy was further developed when new myths became part of the performance, changing the nature of the chorus to a group appropriate to the individual story. A second actor was added by Aeschylus and
a third actor was added by Sophocles, and the number of the chorus was fixed at fifteen. The chorus’ part was gradually reduced, and the dialogue of the actors became increasingly important.
The word “chorus” meant “dance or “dancing ground”, which was how dance evolved into the drama. Members of the chorus were characters in the play who commented on the action. They drew the audience into the play and reflected the audience’s reactions.
The Greek plays were performed in open-air theaters. Night scenes were performed even in sunlight. The area in front of the stages was called the “orchestra”, the area in which the chorus moved and danced. There was no curtain and the play
Sacrifices were performed at the altar of Dionysus, and the chorus performed in the orchestra, which surrounded the altar. The “theatron”, from where the word “theater” is derived, is where the audience sat, built on a hollowed-out hillside. Seats for the upper class were found in the front and center of the theatron, mostly for public officials and priests. The seating capacity of the theater was about 17,000. The audience of about 14,000 was lively, noisy, emotional and unrestrained. They ate, applauded, cheered, hissed, and kicked their wooden seats in disgust. Small riots were
known to break out if the audience was dissatisfied. Women were allowed to be spectators of tragedy, and probably even comedy. Admission was free or nominal, and the poor were paid for by the state. “The Attic dramatists, like the Elizabethans, had a public of all classes”. Because of the size of the audience, the actors must also have been physically remote. The sense of remoteness may have been heightened by masked, statuesque figures of the actors whose acting depended largely on voice gestures and grouping. Since there were only three actors, the same men in the same play had to play double parts. At first, the dramatists themselves acted, like Shakespeare. Gradually, acting became professionalized.
Simple scenery began with Sophocles, but changes of scene were rare and stage properties were also rare, such as an occasional altar, a tomb or an image of gods. Machinery was used for lightning or thunder or for lifting celestial persons from heaven and back, or for revealing the interior of the stage building. This was called “deus ex machina”, which means god from the machine, and was a technical device that used a metal crane on top of the skene building, which contained the dressing rooms, from which a dummy was suspended to represent a god. This device was first employed by Euripides to give a miraculous conclusion to a tragedy. “In later romantic literature, this device was no longer used and the miracles supplied by it were replace by the sudden appearance of a rich uncle, the discovery or new wills, or of infants changed at birth”.
Many proprieties of the Greek plays were attached to violence. Therefore, it was a rule that acts of violence must take place off stage. This carried through to the Elizabethan theater, which avoided the horrors of men being cut alive or eyes being pooked out in full view of an audience.
The use of music in the theater began very simply consisting of a single flute player that accompanied the chorus. Toward the close of the century, more complicated solo singing was developed by Euripides. There could then be large-scale spectacular events, with stage crowds and chariots, particularly in plays by Aeschylus.
Greek comedy was derived from two different sources, the more known being the choral element, which included “ceremonies to stimulate fertility at the festival of Dionysus or in ribald drunken revel in his honor”. The term comedy is actually drawn from “komos”, meaning song of revelry. The second source of Greek comedy was that from the Sicilian “mimes”, who put on “very rude performances where they would make satirical allusions to audience members as they ad-libbed their performances”.
In the beginning, comedy was frank, indecent and sexual. “The plots were loosely and carelessly structured and included broad farce and buffoonery”. The performers were obscene while using satire to depict important contemporary moral, social, and political issues of Athenian life. The comedy included broad satire of well-known persons of that time.
Throughout the comedic period in Greece, there were three distinctive eras of comedies as the genre progressed. Old comedy, which lasted from approximately 450
to 400 BCE, was performed at the festivals of Dionysus following the tragedies. There would be contests between three poets, each exhibiting one comedy. Each comedy act would consist of one or two actors and a chorus of twenty-four. The actors wore masks and “soccus”, or sandals, and the chorus often wore fantastic costumes. Comedies were constructed in five parts, the prologue, where the leading character conceived the “happy idea”, the parodos or entrance of the chorus, the agon, a dramatized debate between the proponent and opponent of the “happy idea” where the opposition was always defeated, the parabasis, the coming forth of the chorus where they directly addressed the audience and expressed the poet’s views on most any matter the poet felt like having expressed, and the episodes, where the “happy idea” was put into practical application. Aristotle highly criticized comedy, saying that it was just a “ridiculous imitation of lower types of man with eminent faults emphasized for the audience’s pleasure”, such as a mask worn to show deformity, or for the man to do something like slip and fall on a banana peel.
Aristophanes, a comic poet of the old comedy period, wrote comedies which came to represent old comedy, as his style was widely copied by other poets. In his most famous works, he used dramatic satire on some of the most famous philosophers and poets of the era. “In “The Frogs” he ridiculed Euripides, and in “The Clouds” he mocked Socrates”. His works followed all the basic principles of old comedy, but he added a facet of cleverness and depth in feeling to his lyrics, in an attempt to appeal to both the emotions and intellect of the audience.
Middle comedy, which dominated from 400 to 336 BCE, was very transitional, having aspects of both old comedy and new comedy. It was more timid than old comedy, having many less sexual gestures and innuendoes. It was concerned less with people and politics, and more with myths and tragedies. The chorus began its fade into the background, becoming more of an interlude than the important component it used to be. Aristophanes wrote a few works in middle comedy, but the most famous writers of the time were Antiphanes of Athens and Alexis of Thurii, whose compositions have mostly been lost and only very few of their found works have been full extant plays.
In new comedy which lasted from 336 to 250 BCE, satire is almost entirely replaced by social comedy involving the family and individual character development, and the themes of romantic love. “A closely knit plot in new comedy was based on intrigue, identities, relationships or a combination of these”. A subplot was often utilized as well. The characters in new comedy are very similar in each work, possibly including a father who is very miser like, a son who is mistreated but deserving, and other people with stereotypical personas. The chief writer of new comedy was Menander, and as with the prominent writers of the middle comedic era, most of his works have been lost, but other dramatists of the time period, like Terence and Platus, had imitated and adapted his methods. Menander’s The Curmudgeon is the only complete extant play known by him to date, and it served as the basis for the later Latin writers to adapt.
Adventure, brilliance, invention, romance and scenic effect, together with delightful lyrics and wisdom, were the gifts of the Greek theater. These conventions
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strongly affected subsequent plays and playwrights, having put forth influence on theater throughout the centuries. Through these times, the Greeks produced many great and important idea’s, people, and playwrites that would inhance the arts of drama forever.
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