Sharks Essay, Research Paper
Although sharks belong to the class Chondrichtyes, there are many
different types. Sharks arose about 350 million years ago and have remained
virtually unchanged for the past 70 million years and still comprise a dominant
group. It is thought that sharks almost certainly evolved from placoderms, a
group of primitive jawed fishes. It took a long series of successful and
unsuccessful mutations with fin, jaw positions etc to give us all the different
designs of sharks around today. When asked to draw a shark, most people would
draw a shape along the lines of the whaler shark family, tigers or a mackeral
shark such as a porbeagle. However many people do not realize the sheer
diversity in the shape of sharks, or that rays are really sharks. Seldom does
such an animal inspire such a variety of emotions reflecting a mixture of
fascination, awe and fear. Sharks have occasionally exacted a terrible price
from humans who have trespassed on their territory. No better understood than
the ocean that they inhabit, these creatures should be regarded in the same way
as lions, tigers, and bears: as dangerous, predatory but nonetheless magnificent
animals. Different Types of Sharks Living sharks are divided into eight major
orders, each easily recognizable by certain external characteristics. Each order
contains one or more smaller groups, or families. In all there are 30 families
of sharks and they contain the 350 or more different kinds or species of sharks.
The eight major orders of sharks include the Squantiformes, Pristiophormes,
Squaliformes, Hexanchiformes, Carcharhiniformes, Lamniformes, Orectolobiformes,
and the Heterodotiformes. The orders have distinguishing characteristics that
fit in each. The Squantiformes normally have flat bodies that are ray-like with
mottled dorsal surfaces. These sharks have a short terminal mouth, which is
armed with small impaling teeth. They also have a caudal fin, which has a lower
lobe that is longer than the upper lobe. Their pectoral fins extend forward over
the ventrally directed gills. The Pristiophormes have more of an elongated
snout, which is saw-like and edged with slender, needle-sharp lateral teeth.
They have two dorsal fins and no anal fin. They use short transverse mouths and
small cuspidate holding teeth in both jaws. Squaliformes have no anal fin as
well, but their snout is not elongated, but is somewhat long. Many have powerful
cutting teeth in both jaws. In some species these razor sharp teeth are in the
lower jaw only and the upper teeth serve to hold the food. Hexanchiformes have
six or seven gill slits. They are sharks with a single spineless dorsal fin, and
an anal fin. The typical Carcharhiniforme has an elongated snout, a long mouth
that reaches behind the eyes, an anal fin and two spineless dorsal fins. The
eyes have movable, nictitating lower eyelids worked by unique muscles. Teeth
vary from small and cuspidate or flattened to large and bladelike.
Carcharhiniformes have no enlarged rear crushing teeth. Along with this they
have a spiral scroll intestinal valve. A Lamniforme shark has an elongated
snout. Most have long mouths that reach behind the eyes, an anal fin and two
spineless dorsal fins. They also have a ring intestinal valve. The
Orectolobiformes have pig-like snouts and short mouths that in most species are
connected to the nostrils by grooves. There is an anal fin but no fin spines on
the two dorsal fins. They have uniquely formed barbells at the inside edges of
the nostrils. Heterodotiformes are the only living shark that combines fin
spines on their two dorsal fins and anal fin. They only have five-gill slits. In
each order there are specific types of sharks. Each shark belongs to a family
with different species. The Angel shark (Squantiforme) is just one of the many.
It has a single family of about thirteen species. They are all ovoviviparous
livebearers and most do not exceed 1.5 meters. Saw sharks (Pristiophoriformes)
are harmless bottom sharks. They are also a single family but with five species.
They are also ovoviviparous livebearers. Four sharks that belong to the order
Sqauliforme are the Bramble, Dogfish, and Rough sharks. T
with eighty-two species. They too, are ovoviviparous livebearers. They have more
cylindrical bodies. Frilled sharks, Six, and Seven gill sharks (Hexanchiformes)
have two families and five species. Once again they are also ovoviviparous
livebearers. Usually, these guys are found in deep waters. The Catsharks,
Finback Catshark, False Catshark, Barbelled Houndshark, Weasel, Houndshark,
Hammerhead, and Requiem sharks (Carcharhiniformes) have one hundred and
ninety-seven known species. Most of these sharks are known to be dangerous. They
are both oviparous and ovoviviparous livebearers. This is not the type of shark
you would like to have grace you presence. From the order of Landformes is the
Sand, Basking, Goblin, Crocodile, Megamouth, Thresher, and Mackerel sharks. They
come complete with seven families and fifteen or sixteen species. All of them
are ovoviviparous livebearers. These sharks are found in all seas except Arctic
and Antarctic. The last group of sharks would be the Collared Carpet sharks,
Blind, Wobbegongs, Zebra, Longtailed Carpet Sharks, Whale, and Nurse sharks.
They all belong to the order Orectolobiformes and have seven families and
thirty-three species. These sharks prefer the warmer water and are both
ovoviviparous and oviparous livebearers. Obviously these sharks come in many
different sizes and some are more dangerous than others. At least eighteen
species in four families and nine genera have been implicated in attacks on
humans. Obviously a small shark such as the Pygmy is harmless, but they still
must be treated as a predator especially the bigger ones. The smallest of all
sharks is the Pygmy Ribbontail Catshark, which is about 0.24 meters. Next in
line from smallest to largest would be the Port Jackson Shark, which is about
1.65 meters. After them would be the Ornate Wobbegong (2.88m) and then the Bull
shark (3.4m). The average sizes go drastically up from there to the Great White
shark, which is incredibly larger, its about 6.4 meters. The two greatest sizes
are the Basking shark (7.8m) and the Whale shark (13.7m). These sharks listed
here are definitely not all the sharks in the world, they were just meant to
give an average range of size for all sharks. Some of the most dangerous sharks
range from about 2 to 8 meters. The Hammerhead, Great White, Tiger, Blue, and
the Bull shark name a few. There are many types of sharks lurking around in
today?s ocean. In every one is unique in its own way. Some are different by
size, shape, eating habits, or even the way they breed. Although with all these
differences they are all very similar and that is why the shark is one of the
most amazing creatures of our time. Summary Although sharks belong to the class
Chondrichtyes, there are many different types. Sharks are divided into 8 major
orders. Each order contains 1 or more smaller group. There are 350 or more
different kinds of species of sharks. The 8 orders are named the Squantiformes,
Pristiophormes, Squaliformes, Hexanchiformes, Carcharhiniformes, Lamniformes,
Orectolobiformes, and the Heterodotiformes. These orders group sharks according
to certain distinguishing characteristics. The Angel shark, Saw shark, Frilled
shark, Hammerhead shark, Sand shark, Wobbegongs, and more all belong to a
specific order due to their characteristics. Each one of these sharks come in
different shapes and sizes. Some are more dangerous than others. The more
dangerous sharks range from about 2 to 8 meters. It is obvious that sharks are
one of the most amazing creatures of our time.
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